Advancements in form-stabilized phase change materials: stabilization mechanisms, multifunctionalities, and applications—a comprehensive review

Phase change materials (PCMs) possess remarkable properties that make them highly attractive for thermal energy storage and regulation purposes. Their ability to store energy in the form of latent heat while maintaining a nearly constant temperature has led to growing interest in their practical applications. However, a significant challenge in utilizing PCMs lies in their susceptibility to leakage and fluidity in the melt state. Therefore, it becomes imperative to develop effective methods to create leakage-free form-stabilized PCMs, enabling their widespread use in various industries. In this review, we comprehensively evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different stabilization methods by summarizing the key research advancements in this field. We delve into the effectiveness of the various techniques in mitigating leakage issues and enhancing the overall performance of form-stabilized PCMs. Furthermore, we present the multifunctionalities that form-stabilized PCMs can offer, including self-healing, self-cleaning, fire-retardancy, and electrical and thermal conductivities. Moreover, we explore the diverse application areas of form-stabilized PCMs, including solar energy storage, buildings, textiles, biomedical, and electronics. These explorations promise advancements in energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and sustainable design. This review aims to shed light on the potential of form-stabilized PCMs in revolutionizing various sectors and contributing to a greener and more energy-conscious future.