Homogeneous and heterogeneous sulfonation of polymers: A review

Abstract This paper reviews the various reactions used to sulfonate polymers, especially polystyrene. The mechanisms for the sulfonation of low molar mass compounds are also discussed. The commonly used sulfonation reagents are described, with an emphasis on SO 3 and its physical and chemical properties. Polymer sulfonations can be grouped into two general routes: one involving homogeneous sulfonation and the other heterogeneous reactions.