Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

The article contains sections titled: 1. Chloromethanes 1.1. Physical Properties 1.2. Chemical Properties 1.3. Production 1.3.1. Theoretical Bases 1.3.2. Production of Monochloromethane 1.3.3. Production of Dichloromethane and Trichloromethane 1.3.4. Production of Tetrachloromethane 1.4. Quality Specifications 1.4.1. Purity of the Commercial Products and Their Stabilization 1.4.2. Analysis 1.5. Storage, Transport, and Handling 1.6. Behavior of Chloromethanes in the Environment 1.6.1. Presence in the Atmosphere 1.6.2. Presence in Water Sources 1.7. Applications of the Chloromethanes and Economic Data 2. Chloroethanes 2.1. Monochloroethane 2.1.1. Physical Properties 2.1.2. Chemical Properties 2.1.3. Production 2.1.4. Uses and Economic Aspects 2.2. 1,1-Dichloroethane 2.2.1. Physical Properties 2.2.2. Chemical Properties 2.2.3. Production 2.2.4. Uses and Economic Aspects 2.3. 1,2-Dichloroethane 2.3.1. Physical Properties 2.3.2. Chemical Properties 2.3.3. Production 2.3.4. Uses and Economic Aspects 2.4. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 2.4.1. Physical Properties 2.4.2. Chemical Properties 2.4.3. Production 2.4.4. Uses and Economic Aspects 2.5. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 2.5.1. Physical Properties 2.5.2. Chemical Properties 2.5.3. Production 2.5.4. Uses and Economic Aspects 2.6. 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 2.6.1. Physical Properties 2.6.2. Chemical Properties 2.6.3. Production 2.7. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 2.7.1. Physical Properties 2.7.2. Chemical Properties 2.7.3. Production 2.7.4. Uses and Economic Aspects 2.8. Pentachloroethane 2.8.1. Physical Properties 2.8.2. Chemical Properties 2.8.3. Production 2.8.4. Uses and Economic Aspects 2.9. Hexachloroethane 2.9.1. Physical Properties 2.9.2. Chemical Properties 2.9.3. Production 2.9.4. Uses and Economic Aspects 3. Chloroethylenes 3.1. Vinyl Chloride (VCM) 3.1.1. Physical Properties 3.1.2. Chemical Properties 3.1.3. Production 3.1.3.1. Vinyl Chloride from Acetylene 3.1.3.2. Vinyl Chloride from 1,2-Dichloroethane 3.1.3.3. Vinyl Chloride from Ethylene by Direct Routes 3.1.3.4. Vinyl Chloride from Ethane 3.1.3.5. Vinyl Chloride by Other Routes 3.1.4. Uses and Economic Aspects 3.2. 1,1-Dichloroethylene (Vinylidene Chloride, VDC) 3.2.1. Physical Properties 3.2.2. Chemical Properties 3.2.3. Production 3.2.4. Uses and Economic Aspects 3.3. 1,2-Dichloroethylene 3.3.1. Physical Properties 3.3.2. Chemical Properties 3.3.3. Production 3.3.4. Uses and Economic Aspects 3.4. Trichloroethylene 3.4.1. Physical Properties 3.4.2. Chemical Properties 3.4.3. Production 3.4.4. Uses and Economic Aspects 3.5. Tetrachloroethylene 3.5.1. Physical Properties 3.5.2. Chemical Properties 3.5.3. Production 3.5.4. Uses and Economic Aspects 3.6. Analysis and Quality Control of Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes 3.7. Storage and Transportation of Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes 3.8. Environmental Aspects in the Production of Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes 4. Chloropropanes 4.1. 2-Chloropropane 4.2. 1,2-Dichloropropane 4.3. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 5. Chlorobutanes 5.1. 1-Chlorobutane 5.2. tert-Butyl Chloride 5.3. 1,4-Dichlorobutane 6. Chlorobutenes 6.1. 1,4-Dichloro-2-butene 6.2. 3,4-Dichloro-1-butene 6.3. 2,3,4-Trichloro-1-butene 6.4. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 6.4.1. Physical Properties 6.4.2. Chemical Properties 6.4.3. Production 6.4.3.1. Chloroprene from Butadiene 6.4.3.2. Chloroprene from Acetylene 6.4.3.3. Other Processes 6.4.4. Economic Importance 6.5. Dichlorobutadiene 6.5.1. 2,3-Dichloro-1,3-butadiene 6.5.2. Other Dichlorobutadienes 6.6. 3-Chloro-2-methyl-1-propene 6.6.1. Physical Properties 6.6.2. Chemical Properties 6.6.3. Production 6.6.4. Quality Specifications and Chemical Analysis 6.6.5. Storage and Shipment 6.6.6. Uses 6.7. Hexachlorobutadiene 7. Chlorinated Paraffins 7.1. Physical Properties 7.2. Chemical Properties and Structure 7.3. Production 7.4. Analysis and Quality Control 7.5. Storage and Transportation 7.6. Toxicology, Environmental Impact and Regulation 7.7. Uses 7.8. Summary 8. Nucleus-Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons 8.1. Chlorinated Benzenes 8.1.1. Physical Properties 8.1.2. Chemical Properties 8.1.3. Production 8.1.3.1. Monochlorobenzene 8.1.3.2. Dichlorobenzenes 8.1.3.3. Trichlorobenzenes 8.1.3.4. Tetrachlorobenzenes 8.1.3.5. Pentachlorobenzene 8.1.3.6. Hexachlorobenzene 8.1.4. Quality and Analysis 8.1.5. Storage and Transportation 8.1.6. Uses 8.2. Chlorinated Toluenes 8.2.1. Physical Properties 8.2.2. Chemical Properties 8.2.3. Production 8.2.3.1. Monochlorotoluenes 8.2.3.2. Dichlorotoluenes 8.2.3.3. Trichlorotoluenes 8.2.3.4. Tetrachlorotoluenes 8.2.3.5. Pentachlorotoluene 8.2.4. Quality and Analysis 8.2.5. Storage and Transportation 8.2.6. Uses 8.3. Chlorinated Biphenyls 8.3.1. Physical and Chemical Properties 8.3.2. Disposal 8.3.3. Analysis 8.3.4. Storage and Transportation 8.3.5. Uses 8.4. Chlorinated Naphthalenes 8.4.1. Physical Properties 8.4.2. Chemical Properties 8.4.3. Production 8.4.4. Quality and Analysis 8.4.5. Storage and Transportation 8.4.6. Use 8.5. Environmental Protection 8.6. Economic Facts 9. Side-Chain Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons 9.1. Benzyl Chloride 9.1.1. Physical Properties 9.1.2. Chemical Properties 9.1.3. Production 9.1.4. Quality Specifications and Analysis 9.1.5. Storage and Transportation 9.1.6. Uses 9.2. Benzal Chloride 9.2.1. Physical Properties 9.2.2. Chemical Properties 9.2.3. Production 9.2.4. Quality Specifications and Analysis 9.2.5. Storage and Transportation 9.2.6. Uses 9.3. Benzotrichloride 9.3.1. Physical Properties 9.3.2. Chemical Properties 9.3.3. Production 9.3.4. Quality Specifications and Analysis 9.3.5. Storage and Transportation 9.3.6. Uses 9.4. Side-Chain Chlorinated Xylenes 9.4.1. Physical and Chemical Properties 9.4.2. Production 9.4.3. Storage and Transportation 9.4.4. Uses 9.5. Ring-Chlorinated Derivatives 9.6. Economic Aspects 10. Toxicology and Occupational Health 10.1. Aliphatic Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 10.1.1. Chloromethanes 10.1.2. Chlorinated C2 Hydrocarbons 10.1.3. Chloropropanes and Chloropropenes 10.1.4. Chlorobutadienes 10.1.5. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Degradation 10.2. Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons 10.2.1. Chlorinated Benzenes 10.2.2. Chlorotoluenes 10.2.3. Polychlorinated Biphenyls 10.2.4. Chlorinated Naphthalenes 10.2.5. Benzyl Chloride 10.2.6. Benzoyl Chloride 10.2.7. Benzotrichloride 10.2.8. Side-Chain Chlorinated Xylenes