Comparative Aspects of Pre‐ and Postnatal Development of the Male Reproductive System

This review describes pre‐ and postnatal development of the male reproductive system in humans and laboratory animals, and highlights species differences in the timing and control of hormonal and morphologic events. Major differences are that the fetal testis is dependent on gonadotropins in humans, but is independent of such in rats; humans have an extended postnatal quiescent period, whereas rats exhibit no quiescence; and events such as secretion by the prostate and seminal vesicles, testicular descent, and the appearance of spermatogonia are all prenatal events in humans, but are postnatal events in rats. Major differences in the timing of the developmental sequence between rats and humans include: gonocyte transformation period (rat: postnatal day 0–9; human: includes gestational week 22 to 9 months of age); masculinization programming window (rat: gestational day 15.5–17.5; human: gestational week 9–14); and mini‐puberty (rat: 0–6 hr after birth; human: 3–6 months of age). Endocrine disruptors can cause unique lesions in the prenatal and early postnatal testis; therefore, it is important to consider the differences in the timing of the developmental sequence when designing preclinical studies as identification of windows of sensitivity for endocrine disruption or toxicants will aid in interpretation of results and provide clues to a mode of action. Birth Defects Research 110:190–227, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.