MXenes‐Reinforced Polymer Composites for Microwave Absorption and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications

Chapter 9 MXenes-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Microwave Absorption and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications B. D. S. Deeraj, B. D. S. Deeraj Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorJitha S. Jayan, Jitha S. Jayan Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorAsok Aparna, Asok Aparna Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorAppukuttan Saritha, Appukuttan Saritha Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorKuruvilla Joseph, Kuruvilla Joseph Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author B. D. S. Deeraj, B. D. S. Deeraj Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorJitha S. Jayan, Jitha S. Jayan Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorAsok Aparna, Asok Aparna Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorAppukuttan Saritha, Appukuttan Saritha Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorKuruvilla Joseph, Kuruvilla Joseph Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Kalim Deshmukh, Kalim Deshmukh New Technologies-Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech RepublicSearch for more papers by this authorMayank Pandey, Mayank Pandey Department of Electronics, Kristu Jayanti College, Bengaluru, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorChaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, United StatesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 January 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119901280.ch9 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have enticed notable consideration among the research fraternity for their outstanding application in various fields. Among 2D materials, MAX phases and its derivatives called MXenes gained enormous interest owing to their easiness in synthesis and their stable nature as colloidal suspensions in aqueous and a wide range of organic solvents. The blends of properties, including large surface area, hydrophobicity, absorption capability, enhanced electrical conductivity, and better surface reactive nature, have rendered MXenes as significant candidates for a diversity of applications like energy storage, microwave absorption, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, conductive electrodes etc. Current research works point out that MXenes outshine the existing two-dimensional nanomaterials. The chapter will cover the structure, properties, and associated applications of MXenes, focusing on their microwave absorption and EMI shielding applications. Additionally, the chapter summarizes the EMI shielding and microwave absorption features of MXene/polymer composites with a special mention on MXene based other materials for the same. References Levy , R.B. and Boudart , M. , Platinum-like behavior of tungsten carbide in surface catalysis . Sci. (80-) , 181 , 547 – 549 , 1973 . 10.1126/science.181.4099.547 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Naguib , M. , Kurtoglu , M. , Presser , V. , Lu , J. , Niu , J. , Heon , M. , Hultmen , L. , Gogotsi , Y. , Barsoum , M.W. , Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti 3 AlC 2 . Adv. Mater. , 23 , 4248 – 4253 , 2011 . 10.1002/adma.201102306 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zhan , C. , Sun , W. , Xie , Y. , Jiang , D. , Kent , P.R.C. , Computational discovery and design of MXenes for energy applications: Status, successes, and opportunities . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 11 , 24885 – 24905 , 2019 . 10.1021/acsami.9b00439 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sun , Q. , Fu , Z. , Yang , Z. , Tunable magnetic and electronic properties of the Cr-based MXene (Cr2C) with functional groups and doping . J. Magn. Magn. Mater. , 514 , 167141 , 2020 . 10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.167141 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Jin , M.-J. , Um , D.-S. , Ogbeide , O. , Kim , C.-I. , Yoo , J.-W. , Robinson , J.W.A. , Crossover from weak anti-localization to weak localization in inkjet-printed Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene thin-film . Adv. Nano Res. , 14 , 259 – 267 , 2022 . Google Scholar Naguib , M. and Gogotsi , Y. , Synthesis of two-dimensional materials by selective extraction . Acc. Chem. Res. , 48 , 128 – 135 , 2015 . 10.1021/ar500346b CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Magnuson , M. and Mattesini , M. , Chemical bonding and electronic-structure in MAX phases as viewed by X-ray spectroscopy and density functional theory . Thin Solid Films , 621 , 108 – 130 , 2017 . 10.1016/j.tsf.2016.11.005 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sun , Z. , Music , D. , Ahuja , R. , Li , S. , Schneider , J.M. , Bonding and classification of nanolayered ternary carbides . Phys. Rev. B , 092102 , 1 – 3 , 2004 . Google Scholar Naguib , M. , Mochalin , V.N. , Barsoum , M.W. , Gogotsi , Y. , 25th anniversary article: MXenes: A new family of two-dimensional materials . Adv. Mater. , 26 , 992 – 1005 , 2013 . 10.1002/adma.201304138 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bae , S. , Kang , Y.-G. , Khazaei , M. , Ohno , K. , Kim , Y.-H. , Han , M.J. , Chang , K.J. , Raebiger , H. , Electronic and magnetic properties of carbide MXenes—The role of electron correlations . Mater. Today Adv. , 9 , 100118 , 2021 . 10.1016/j.mtadv.2020.100118 CASGoogle Scholar He , Z. , Huang , D. , Yue , G. , Zhu , J. , Zhao , P. , Ca2+ induced 3D porous MXene gel for continuous removal of phosphate and uranium . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 570 , 150804 , 2021 . 10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.150804 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Guan , Y. , Zhang , M. , Qin , J. , Ma , X. , Li , C. , Tang , J. , Hydrophilicity-dependent distinct frictional behaviors of different modified MXene nanosheets . J. Phys. Chem. C , 124 , 13664 – 13671 , 2020 . 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c01551 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Anasori , B. , Shi , C. , Moon , J. , Xie , Y. , Voigt , C.A. , Gogotsi , Y. , Control of electronic properties of 2D carbides (MXenes) by manipulating their transition metal . Nanoscale Horiz. , 1 , 227 – 234 , 2016 . 10.1039/C5NH00125K CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zha , X.-H. , Yin , J. , Zhou , Y. , Huang , Q. , Luo , K. , Lang , J. , Francisco , J.S. , He , J. , Du , S. , Intrinsic structural, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the promising conductor Mo 2 C MXene . J. Phys. Chem. C , 120 , 15082 – 15088 , 2016 . 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b04192 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Shin , H. , Eom , W. , Lee , K.H. , Jeong , W. , Kang , D.J. , Han , T.H. , Highly electroconductive and mechanically strong Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene fibers using a deformable MXene gel . ACS Nano , 15 , 3320 – 3329 , 2021 . 10.1021/acsnano.0c10255 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Shuck , C.E. , Han , M. , Maleski , K. , Hantanasirisakul , K. , Kim , S.J. , Choi , J. , Reil , W.E.B. , Gogotsi , Y. , Effect of Ti 3 AlC 2 MAX phase on structure and properties of resultant Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene . ACS Appl. Nano Mater. , 2 , 3368 – 3376 , 2019 . 10.1021/acsanm.9b00286 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Liao , L. , Jiang , D. , Zheng , K. , Zhang , M. , Liu , J. , Industry-scale and environmentally stable Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene based film for flexible energy storage devices . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 31 , 2103960 , 2021 . 10.1002/adfm.202103960 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cheng , H. , Pan , Y. , Chen , Q. , Che , R. , Zheng , G. , Liu , Q. , Li , M. , Zhou , Y. , Jia , K. , Yang , L. , Wang , D. , Ultrathin flexible poly (vinylidene fluoride)/MXene/silver nanowire film with outstanding specific EMI shielding and high heat dissipation . Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. , 4 , 505 – 513 , 2021 . 10.1007/s42114-021-00224-1 CASGoogle Scholar Zhang , Z. , Cai , Z. , Zhang , Y. , Peng , Y. , Wang , Z. , Xia , L. , Ma , S. , Yin , Z. , Wang , R. , Cao , Y. , Li , Z. , Huang , Y. , The recent progress of MXene-Based microwave absorption materials . Carbon , 174 , 484 – 899 , 2021 . 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.12.060 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Yoon , J. , Shin , M. , Lim , J. , Lee , J.-Y. , Choi , J.-W. , Recent advances in MXene nanocomposite-based biosensors . Biosensors , 10 , 185 , 2020 . 10.3390/bios10110185 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Fan , D. , Lu , Y. , Zhang , H. , Xu , H. , Lu , C. , Tang , Y. , Yang , X. , Synergy of photocatalysis and photothermal effect in integrated 0D perovskite oxide/2D MXene heterostructures for simultaneous water purification and solar steam generation . Appl. Catal. B Environ. , 295 , 120285 , 2021 . 10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120285 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Rafieerad , A. , Yan , W. , Amiri , A. , Dhingra , S. , Bioactive and trackable MXene quantum dots for subcellular nanomedicine applications . Mater. Des. , 196 , 109091 , 2020 . 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109091 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zhang , C.J. , Anasori , B. , Seral-ascaso , A. , Park , S. , Mcevoy , N. , Shmeliov , A. , Duesberg , G.S. , Coleman , J.N. , Gogotsi , Y. , Nicolosi , V. , Transparent, flexible, and conductive 2D titanium carbide (MXene) films with high volumetric capacitance . Adv. Mater. , 1702678 , 1 – 9 , 2017 . Google Scholar Huang , H. , Cui , J. , Liu , G. , Bi , R. , Zhang , L. , Carbon-coated MoSe2/MXene hybrid nanosheets for superior potassium storage . ACS Nano , 13 , 3448 – 56 , 2019 . 10.1021/acsnano.8b09548 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Levitt , A. , Zhang , J. , Dion , G. , Gogotsi , Y. , Razal , J.M. , MXene-based fibers, yarns, and fabrics for wearable energy storage devices . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 30 , 2000739 , 2020 . 10.1002/adfm.202000739 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Rakhi , R.B. , Nayak , P. , Xia , C. , Alshareef , H.N. , Novel amperometric glucose biosensor based on MXene nanocomposite . Sci. Rep. , 6 , 1 – 10 , 2016 . 10.1038/s41598-016-0001-8 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Xu , J. , Hu , X. , Wang , X. , Wang , X. , Ju , Y. , Ge , S. , Lu , X. , Ding , J. , Yuan , N. , Gogotsi , Y. , Low-temperature pseudocapacitive energy storage in Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene . Energy Storage Mater. , 33 , 382 – 389 , 2020 . 10.1016/j.ensm.2020.08.029 Web of Science®Google Scholar Chen , J. , Huang , Q. , Huang , H. , Mao , L. , Liu , M. , Zhang , X. , Wei , Y. , Recent progress and advances in the environmental applications of MXene related materials . Nanoscale , 12 , 3574 – 3592 , 2020 . 10.1039/C9NR08542D CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Liu , G. , Cheng , L. , Chen , G. , Liang , F. , Liu , G. , Jin , W. , Pebax-based membrane filled with two-dimensional Mxene nanosheets for efficient CO 2 capture . Chem. Asian J. , 15 , 2364 – 2370 , 2020 . 10.1002/asia.201901433 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chen , W.Y. , Lai , S.-N. , Yen , C.-C. , Jiang , X. , Peroulis , D. , Stanciu , L.A. , Surface functionalization of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene with highly reliable superhydrophobic protection for volatile organic compounds sensing . ACS Nano , 14 , 11490 – 11501 , 2020 . 10.1021/acsnano.0c03896 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Mahmud , S.T. , Hasan , M.M. , Bain , S. , Rahman , S.T. , Rhaman , M. , Hossain , M.M. , Ordu , M. , Multilayer MXene heterostructures and nanohybrids for multifunctional applications: A review . ACS Mater. Lett. , 4 , 1174 – 1206 , 2022 . 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00175 CASGoogle Scholar Cheng , Y. , Dai , J. , Zhu , X. , Wu , D. , Sun , Y. , Preparation, magnetic and microwave absorption properties of La0. 5Sr0. 5MnO3/La (OH) 3 composites . Mater. Res. Bull. , 45 , 663 – 667 , 2010 . 10.1016/j.materresbull.2010.03.007 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Micheli , D. , Pastore , R. ,