Parameterization and modeling protocols for ultra-fast charging Wadsley-Roth lithium-ion batteries from coin to pouch cells

Niobium-based Wadsley-Roth materials are an emerging class of battery anode materials that enable ultra-fast charging rates beyond 20C. This new regime of above 5C poses challenges for existing battery parameterization and modeling due to larger concentration gradients, nonlinearities, and sensitivities to parameterization errors. This work develops a protocol to tackle these challenges, with less than 6% error margins up to 20C in coin cells, enabling a detailed study of the Wadsley-Roth material electrochemistry. Crucially, it unveils and adopts a rate dependency of the lithium intercalation diffusion coefficient. Additionally, the P2D modeling method is extended to P4D to predict the ultra-high rate performance of 3 Ah commercial-scale pouch cells based solely on lab-scale coin cell data. Overall, this provides researchers and engineers with a comprehensive guide for ultra-high rate cells to delineate the performance-limiting processes and to design batteries for the electrification of an extended regime of applications.