Nontargeted metabolomics integrated with 1H NMR and LC–Q‐TOF–MS/MS methods to depict a more comprehensive metabolic profile in response to chrysosplenetin and artemisinin co‐treatment against artemisinin‐sensitive and ‐resistant Plasmodium berghei K173

Abstract Our previous work revealed mutual and specific metabolites/pathways in artemisinin‐sensitive and ‐resistant Plasmodium berghei K173‐infected mice. In this study, we further investigated whether chrysosplenetin, a candidate chemical to prevent artemisinin resistance, can regulate these metabolites/pathways by integrating nontargeted metabolomics with 1 H NMR and LC–Q‐TOF–MS/MS spectrum. The nuclear magnetic resonance method generated specifically altered metabolites in response to co‐treatment with chrysosplenetin, including: the products of glycolysis such as glucose, pyruvate, lactate and alanine; taurine, closely associated with liver injury; arginine and proline as essential amino acids for parasites; TMAO, a biomarker for dysbacteriosis and renal function; and tyrosine, which is used to generate levodopa and dopamine and may improve the torpor state of mice. Importantly, we noticed that chrysosplenetin might depress the activated glycolysis induced by sensitive parasites, but oppositely promoted the inhibited glycolysis to generate more lactate, which suppresses the proliferation of resistant parasites. Moreover, chrysosplentin possibly disturbs the heme biosynthetic pathway in mitochondria. The MS method yielded changed coenzyme A, phosphatidylcholine and ceramides, closely related to mitochondria β ‐oxidation, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. These two means shared no overlapped metabolites and formed a more broader metabolic map to study the potential mechanisms of chrysosplenetin as a promising artemisinin resistance inhibitor.