“Effectiveness of Different Treatment Modalities in Initial and Chronic Phases of Thyroid Eye Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis”

Abstract Background Thyroid eye disease (TED), a common extra-thyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease, poses significant management challenges due to potential disfigurement, visual impairment, and decreased quality of life. Uncertainties remain about the optimal treatment approach, especially regarding TED duration and its impact on outcomes. Objective This meta-analysis evaluates the effects of various treatments on inflammatory markers and severity endpoints in TED, stratified by disease duration, distinguishing between treatments initiated within the first six months (initial phase) and those initiated thereafter (subacute/chronic phase). Method Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of multiple electronic databases yielded 26 studies meeting predefined inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was assessed, and data were meticulously extracted and analyzed. Findings In the initial phase, treatments like corticosteroids and teprotumumab showed significant improvements in Clinical Activity Score (CAS), proptosis, and diplopia. In the subacute/chronic phase, the efficacy of methylprednisolone and teprotumumab is reduced. A “critical window” effect was observed, with treatments showing diminished efficacy after six months of TED duration. Conclusions This meta-analysis highlights the importance of tailoring treatment strategies based on TED duration, emphasizing early interventions to maximize benefits. The findings guide clinicians in selecting optimal treatments and underscore the need for further research to refine evidence-based approaches, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life.