Alcohol and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) poses a significant risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), comprising various liver conditions from steatosis to cirrhosis. Despite accounting for a third of global HCC cases and deaths, ALD-related HCC lacks characterization compared to viral hepatitis-related HCC. Proposed mechanisms for ALD-related HCC include acetaldehyde toxicity, increased reactive oxygen species, and inflammation. This review examines ALD-associated HCC epidemiology, co-factors like viral hepatitis and metabolic syndrome, surveillance, and treatment challenges. Despite advances in screening and management, ALD-related HCC often presents at advanced stages, limiting treatment options and survival.