An approach towards different techniques for detection of heavy metal ions and their removal from waste water

Heavy metal ions (HMI) are believed to have primarily originated from both natural and anthropogenic agents. Due to their known accumulation and toxicity in environmental and biological media, it has risen to prominence as one of major problems of the world. Heavy metal (HM) pollution has worsened in recent years due to increased industrialization and resource exploitation. HMI pose a major risk to the well-being of humans as they accumulate in the body and are difficult to be biodegraded. Significant measures must be taken to diminish the dangers caused by metal pollution in the environment. Increasing efforts to detect HMI particularly via the use of electrochemical sensors provide a novel and viable approach to the adverse effects of toxic exposure of HM. If HMI exceed the admissible limit in aqua ecosystems, both flora and fauna are affected. These ions may prove fatal or may disrupt the metabolic process. The oxidative stress associated with metal ions is coupled with assortment of illnesses and damage. Keeping in view the toxic consequences of metals pollution and the importance of clear water for existence, researchers are prompted to implement all possible feasible steps to preserve water quality. As such, several methods have been devised for identifying metal ions and flushing them out from water supplies. Here, we have reviewed the techniques utilized for identification and removal of HMI from waste water systems.