垂体腺瘤
病理
垂体炎
囊肿
甲状腺
医学
颅咽管瘤
神经内分泌学
垂体
垂体疾病
垂体机能减退
垂体疾病
生物
腺瘤
激素
内科学
内分泌学
摘要
The increasing recognition of pituitary disorders and their impact on quality of life and longevity has made understanding of this small gland a subject of paramount importance. Pituitary pathology has seen many significant studies that indicate progress in identification and classification of pituitary lesions, as well as improved management strategies for patients. In this review, we outline six major areas of advances: (i) changes in terminology from ‘adenoma’ to ‘pituitary neuroendocrine tumour’; (ii) reclassification of hormone‐negative tumours based on transcription factor expression that defines lineage; (iii) updates in new pathogenetic mechanisms, including those that underlie rare lesions such as X‐ LAG and pituitary blastoma; (iv) clarification of hypophysitis due to immunotherapy, xanthomatous hypophysitis due to rupture of a Rathke's cleft cyst and IgG4 disease as the cause of inflammatory pseudotumour; (v) the consolidation of pituicytoma variants, including spindle cell oncocytoma and granular cell tumour based on thyroid transcription factor‐1 ( TTF ‐1) reactivity; and (vi) the pathogenetic mechanisms that distinguish papillary from adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. The remaining challenge is clarification of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the development of many of these disorders.
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