Cation-defect-induced self-reduction towards efficient mechanoluminescence in Mn2+-activated perovskites

3d states under mechanical stimuli. Based on the multi-mode luminescent features excited by X-ray, 980 nm laser and 254 nm UV lamp, together with the excellent persistent luminescence and ML, a potential application in advanced anti-counterfeiting is demonstrated. These results will deepen the understanding of the defect-controlled ML mechanism, and inspire more defect-engineering strategies to develop more high-performance ML phosphors for practical application.