Strategies to Improve the Output Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerators

Abstract Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can collect and convert random mechanical energy into electric energy, with remarkable advantages including broadly available materials, straightforward preparation, and multiple applications. Over the years, researchers have made substantial advancements in the theoretical and practical aspects of TENG. Nevertheless, the pivotal challenge in realizing full applications of TENG lies in ensuring that the generated output meets the specific application requirements. Consequently, substantial research is dedicated to exploring methods and mechanisms for enhancing the output performance of TENG devices. This review aims to comprehensively examine the influencing factors and corresponding improvement strategies of the output performance based on the contact electrification mechanism and operational principles that underlie TENG technology. This review primarily delves into five key areas of improvement: materials selection, surface modification, component adjustments, structural optimization, and electrode enhancements. These aspects are crucial in tailoring TENG devices to meet the desired performance metrics for various applications.