Bone regeneration with hydroxyapatite particles loaded in photo‐cross‐linkable hydrogel: An experimental study

Abstract This study explores the use of in situ cross‐linked hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (HAMA) and hydroxyapatite particles (HAP) for bone defect repair. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were isolated and co‐cultured with the HAMA‐HAP composite. Osteogenic differentiation was evaluated using Alizarin Red staining, alkaline phosphatase activity quantification, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A cranial defect was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats. This defect was then filled with the HAMA‐HAP composite and cross‐linked using UV light exposure. Bone formation was assessed through radiographic and histological analyses. The HAMA‐HAP composite was found to promote cell viability similarly to pure HAP. It also enhanced gene expression of ALP, OPN, and Runx2, and increased ALP activity and mineralized nodule formation in vitro. Micro‐CT scans showed defect restoration in the HAMA‐HAP and HAP groups compared to the control group. The HAMA‐HAP group exhibited higher Tb.N, Tb.Sp, Tb.Th, and BV/TV. Masson staining showed the HAMA‐HAP composite restored the defect site, with new bone formation thicker than in the HAP group. The HAMA‐HAP composite showed excellent biocompatibility and promoted osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. It effectively repaired cranial defects, indicating its potential for clinical use in bone defect repair.