Overview of concentration polarization in ultrafiltration

Concentration polarization mechanisms are briefly outlined. A morphological analysis of ways to prevent the detrimental influence on membrane fluxes is given. The potentials of these different approaches are analysed and some examples of module designs resulting from the various approaches are given. Particular emphasis is given to a study of the physical-mechanical properties of the gel layer in the ultrafiltration of milk whey in a rotating ultrafiltration module.