Tuning the Cu+ species of Cu-based catalysts for direct synthesis of ethanol from syngas

(1) Controllable Cu + –Cu 0 sites were obtained by synthesizing x Cu/ y CuPS catalysts. (2) The outstanding catalytic activity was attributed to the balanced Cu + /(Cu + + Cu 0 ) (about 0.62). (3) The apparent catalytic activity was strongly related to Cu + .