Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Associated Clinical Implications at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali in Rwanda

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae poses a global problem and complicates therapeutic choices. The paucity of data in resource-poor countries undermines the understanding of the problem's extent, and cases of antimicrobial treatment failure continue to accumulate. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical implications of ESBL-producers at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali in Rwanda. A 1-year cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in blood and urine from January 1 to December 31, 2022. In total, 1,283 isolates were recorded. The results showed an overall prevalence of ESBL phenotypes at 300/1,283 (23.4%). Extended spectrum beta-lactamase-positive E. coli was more frequently detected than K. pneumoniae in both urine (20.6% versus 10.1%) and blood (8.8% versus 6.2%). These isolates were 100% resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, third-generation cephalosporins, piperacillin, sulbactam ampicillin, ampicillin, cefuroxime, and cefoxitin. The least resistance was observed to amikacin (18%), meropenem (10%), and polymyxin B (3%). Hospital stays ranging from 8 to 21 days were the most frequent, and the mortality rate was 10.3% in patients with ESBL cases, which was more than double the general hospital mortality rate in the same period. In conclusion, our findings indicate a high prevalence of ESBL phenotypes, high antibiotic resistance rates, prolonged hospital stays, and an increased mortality rate. These findings suggest the need for continued surveillance, planning appropriate interventions, and caution during empirical therapy.