Ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological profile of Morus alba L.: A comprehensive review

Morus alba L. is a member of family Moraceae that have been traditionally used to cure various ailments in many Asian, South African and European countries. The plant has significant economic value due to its sweet and nutritious fruits which are used in various culinary applications. In addition, the leaves of this plant serve as the primary food source for silkworms, making it a crucial component of the global silk industry. Furthermore, the plant has a long history of use in traditional medicine, and its leaves, bark, and fruit have been utilized for their various therapeutic properties. Morus alba has been extensively studied for its phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and toxicological profile, with many studies showing promising results. However, despite the growing interest in this plant, there are very few extensive reviews on this topic. The current review provides a comprehensive summary of the distribution, traditional and ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and active chemical constituents of M. alba. This study includes distribution and ethnomedicinal use of this plant in different regions of India, explored the phytochemicals, their structure and pharmacological significance. Furthermore, a comparative analysis and investigation revealed the potential of this plant for treating cancer, diabetes, inflammation, hepatoprotection, immunomodulation, antimicrobial properties, and potential for fighting coronavirus. Though, detailed studies are required on the clinical use of M. alba against human diseases. Additionally, the present study revealed that a thorough toxicological investigation must be carried out to ensure its safe and effective use as a health-promoting medicinal plant.