Ultra-sensitive electrochemical immunosensors for clinically important biomarker detection: Prospects, opportunities, and global trends

This review delves into the many methods by which the specific affinity interaction between antigens and antibodies can be converted into a measurable signal. It provides a synoptic overview of the latest innovations in the realm of electrochemical immunosensor development, with a focus on the diverse technologies and strategies aimed at enhancing analytical signals and detecting ultra-low concentrations of biomarkers. The most important trends in developing multiplexed, non-invasive, or attachable immunosensors and Point-of-Care Testing platforms leveraging various nanomaterials are discussed. Furthermore, global trends in label-free and labelled electrochemical immunosensors are reviewed, taking into account the evolving requirements of patients.