Recurrence of glomerular diseases after kidney transplantation: What do we know new?

Background: The recurrence of primary glomerulonephritis (GN) following kidney transplantation poses a significant threat to graft survival. To enhance kidney transplant outcomes, we must lessen the burden of recurrence. In recent years, there has been progress in understanding the incidence, risk factors for recurrence, pathophysiology, biomarkers, and therapeutics, making it worthwhile to conduct an update on primary glomerulonephritis that may recur following kidney transplantation. Summary: We conducted a narrative review of the literature on the novel discoveries of primary GN that can recur following kidney transplantation. To summarize, developing a broad consensus on recurrence diagnosis would greatly advance our understanding, and its development would be a valuable collaborative effort. The key risk factors for recurrence have been better understood, particularly in individuals with complement-related or monoclonal gammopathy-related recurrent membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Furthermore, we can identify better recurrent IgA nephropathy patients who are more likely to experience graft loss. New biomarkers for membranous nephropathy (anti-PLA2R-Ab) and focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (anti-nephrin-Ab) can assist in identifying and monitoring patients at risk of recurrence. Regarding therapy, the focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis consensus will enhance recurrence treatment. Some complement inhibitors and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies are already promising in treating and healing recurrent C3 glomerulopathy and focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, respectively. Finally, new drugs developed specifically to treat IgA nephropathy in the native kidney will also change the outcome of IgA nephropathy recurrence. Key Messages: Although there has been progress in understanding the recurrence of primary glomerulonephritis following kidney transplantation, a worldwide effort should be undertaken to gather research that will allow for improved diagnosis, monitoring, and management of these patients.