Glutamine Is Required for M1-like Polarization of Macrophages in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Macrophages play essential roles in determining the progression and final outcome of human infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis . While upregulation of hypoxia-inducible-factor 1 (HIF-1) and a metabolic reprogramming to the Warburg Effect-like state are known to be critical for immune cell activation in response to M. tuberculosis infection, our overall knowledge about the immunometabolism of M1-like macrophages is poor.