Does motivational intensity exist distinct from valence and arousal?

The motivational intensity model proposes that the strength of one's urge to approach or avoid a stimulus is the primary driver of cognitive broadening/narrowing (Gable & Harmon-Jones, 2010d; Harmon-Jones, Gable, & Price, 2012).However, it is unclear whether motivational intensity is truly distinct from well-established dimensions of valence and arousal.Here we found an overwhelmingly strong relationship between motivational intensity and valence across all studies.In Study 1, we operationalised motivational intensity on two response rating scales and had multiple groups of participants (total 150) rate their response of motivational intensity, valence, and arousal to 300 pictures.There was a very strong relationship between motivational intensity and valence (rs in excess of .9, in studies 1a and 1b), which challenges the idea that these two constructs are distinct.In contrast, motivational intensity ratings were not consistently positively related to arousal ratings, with only a moderate relationship found with avoidance motivation.In Study 2 we used an implicit measure of motivational intensity and valence and asked participants to classify their motivational intensity and valence in response to 100 pictures from Study 1.A high degree of correspondence was found between motivational intensity and valence on this measure.Overall, our findings are at odds with proposals in the literature that arousal can be used as a proxy for motivational intensity across the full approach-avoidance spectrum.Furthermore, these studies suggest that the cognitive effects attributed to motivational intensity in previous literature are best explained by valence.