Non‐enzymatic function of WRN RECQL helicase regulates removal of topoisomerase‐I‐DNA covalent complexes and triggers NF‐κB signaling in cancer

Mutation in Werner (WRN) RECQL helicase is associated with premature aging syndrome (Werner syndrome, WS) and predisposition to multiple cancers. In patients with solid cancers, deficiency of the WRN RECQL helicase is paradoxically associated with enhanced overall survival in response to treatment with TOP1 inhibitors, which stabilize pathological TOP1-DNA-covalent-complexes (TOP1cc) on the genome. However, the underlying mechanism of WRN in development of chemoresistance to TOP1 inhibitors is not yet explored. Our whole-genome transcriptomic analysis for ~25,000 genes showed robust activation of NF-κB-dependent prosurvival genes in response to TOP1cc. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout, shRNA silencing, and under-expression of WRN confer high-sensitivity of multiple cancers to TOP1 inhibitor. We demonstrated that WRN orchestrates TOP1cc repair through proteasome-dependent and proteasome-independent process, unleashing robust ssDNA generation. This in turn ensues signal transduction for CHK1 mediated NF-κB-activation through IκBα-degradation and nuclear localization of p65 protein. Intriguingly, our site-directed mutagenesis and rescue experiments revealed that neither RECQL-helicase nor DNA-exonuclease enzyme activity of WRN (WRNE84A , WRNK577M , and WRNE84A-K577M ) were required for TOP1cc removal, ssDNA generation and signaling for NF-κB activation. In correlation with patient data and above results, the TOP1 inhibitor-based targeted therapy showed that WRN-deficient melanoma tumors were highly sensitive to TOP1 inhibition in preclinical in vivo mouse model. Collectively, our findings identify hitherto unknown non-enzymatic role of WRN RECQL helicase in pathological mechanisms underlying TOP1cc processing and subsequent NF-κB-activation, offering a potential targeted therapy for WRN-deficient cancer patients.