Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach

INTRODUCTION Introduction Some Basic Concepts Units The Environment as Compartments Mass Balances Eulerian and Lagrangian Coordinate Systems Steady-State and Equilibrium Diffusive and Non-Diffusive Environmental Transport Processes Residence Times and Persistence Real and Evaluative Environments Summary Environmental Chemicals and Their Properties Introduction and Data Sources Identifying Priority Chemicals Key Chemical Properties and Classes The Nature of Environmental Media Introduction The Atmosphere The Hydrosphere or Water Bottom Sediments Soils Summary Phase Equilibrium Introduction Properties of Pure Substances Properties of Solutes in Solution Partition Coefficients Environmental Partition Coefficients and Z Values Multimedia Partitioning Calculations Level I Calculations Advection and Reactions Introduction Advection Degrading Reactions Combined Advection and Reaction Unsteady-State Calculations The Nature of Environmental Reactions Level II Computer Calculations Summary Intermedia Transport Introduction Diffusive and Nondiffusive Processes Molecular Diffusion Within a Phase Turbulent or Eddy Diffusion Within a Phase Unsteady-State Diffusion Diffusion in Porous Media Diffusion Between Phases: The Two-Resistance Concept Measuring Transport D Values Combining Series and Parallel D Values Level III Calculations Unsteady-State Conditions (Level IV) Applications of Fugacity Models Introduction, Scope and Strategies Level I, II and III Models An Air-Water Exchange Model A Surface Soil Model A Sediment-Water Exchange Model Qwasi Model of Chemical Fate in a Lake Qwasi Model of Chemical Fate in Rivers Qwasi Multi-Segment Models A Fish Bioaccumulation Model Sewage Treatment Plants Indoor Air Models Uptake by Plants Pharmacokinetic Models Human Exposure to Chemicals The PBT-LRT Attributes Global Models Closure