Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis of the cervical spine causing dysphagia and airway obstruction: an updated systematic review

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXTDiffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is characterized by growing ossifications of spinal entheses and tendons, which may cause trachea and esophagus compression when located anteriorly in the cervical spine.PURPOSEOur previous systematic review on the epidemiological and clinical knowledge of dysphagia and airway obstruction caused by cervical DISH was updated, with a focus on (surgical) treatment and outcomes.STUDY DESIGNA systematic review of the literature was performed.METHODSPublications in Medline and EMBASE from July 2010 to June 2021 were searched. Two investigators performed data extraction and study specific quality assessment.RESULTSA total of 138 articles (112 case reports and 26 case series) were included, describing 419 patients with dysphagia and/or airway obstruction. The mean age of the patient group was 67.3 years (range: 35–91 years), and 85.4% was male. An evident increase of published cases was observed within the last decade. Surgical treatment was chosen for 66% of patients with the anterolateral approach most commonly used. The total complication rate after surgery was 22.1%, with 12.7% occurring within 1 month after intervention. Improvement of dysphagia was observed in 95.5% of operated patients. After a mean follow-up of 3.7 years (range: 0.4–9.0 years), dysphagia recurred in 12 surgically treated patients (4%), of which five patients had osteophyte regrowth.CONCLUSIONSThe number of published cases of dysphagia in patients with DISH has doubled in the last decade compared to our previous review. Yet, randomized studies or guidelines on the treatment or prevention on recurrence are lacking. Surgical treatment is effective and has low (major) complication rates. Common trends established across the cases in our study may help improve our understanding and management of dysphagia and airway obstruction in cervical DISH.