The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate EvolutionLeslie C. Aiello, and Peter WheelerLeslie C. Aiello Search for more articles by this author , and Peter Wheeler Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Current Anthropology Volume 36, Number 2Apr., 1995 Sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/204350 Views: 894Total views on this site Citations: 1391Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1995 The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Raffaela Lesch, Kurt Kotrschal, Andrew C. Kitchener, W. Tecumseh Fitch, Alexander Kotrschal The expensive-tissue hypothesis may help explain brain-size reduction during domestication, Communicative & Integrative Biology 15, no.11 (Aug 2022): 190–192.https://doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2022.2101196Lavinia M. Stancampiano, Ainara Sistiaga, David Uribelarrea del Val, Julia Aramendi, Enrique Baquedano, Audax Mabulla, Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo, Clayton R. Magill New site at Olduvai Gorge (AGS, Bed I, 1.84 Mya) widens the range of locations where hominins engaged in butchery, Scientific Reports 12, no.11 (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14031-1Markus Bastir, José María González Ruíz, Javier Rueda, Gonzalo Garrido López, Marta Gómez-Recio, Benoit Beyer, Alejandro F. San Juan, Enrique Navarro Variation in human 3D trunk shape and its functional implications in hominin evolution, Scientific Reports 12, no.11 (Jul 2022).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15344-xM. Michaud, S. L. D. Toussaint, E. Gilissen The impact of environmental factors on the evolution of brain size in carnivorans, Communications Biology 5, no.11 (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03748-4Cong Zhang, Jiaqi He, Xiaodan Wang, Yiwen Yang, Qincheng Huang, Fang Qiao, Qingchao Shi, Jianguang Qin, Liqiao Chen Gamma-aminobutyric acid enhances hypoxia tolerance of juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) by regulating respiratory metabolism and alleviating neural excitotoxicity, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 260 (Oct 2022): 109409.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109409De Meester Gilles, Van Linden Lisa, Torfs Jonas, Pafilis Panayiotis, Šunje Emina, Steenssens Dries, Zulčić Tea, Sassalos Athanasios, Van Damme Raoul Learning with lacertids: Studying the link between ecology and cognition within a comparative framework, Evolution 77 (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14618Yuguo Yu, Adil Akif, Peter Herman, Miao Cao, Douglas L Rothman, Richard E Carson, Divyansh Agarwal, Alan C Evans, Fahmeed Hyder A 3D atlas of functional human brain energetic connectome based on neuropil distribution, Cerebral Cortex 36 (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhac322Orlin S. Todorov, Coen Hird, Brian Kraatz, Emma Sherratt, Narelle Hill, Alexandra A. de Sousa, Simone Blomberg, Vera Weisbecker Down a Rabbit Hole: Burrowing Behaviour and Larger Home Ranges are Related to Larger Brains in Leporids, Journal of Mammalian Evolution 36 (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-022-09624-6Marta Palma-Morales, Ana Mateos, Jesús Rodríguez, Rafael A. Casuso, Jesús R. Huertas Food made us human: Recent genetic variability and its relevance to the current distribution of macronutrients, Nutrition 101 (Sep 2022): 111702.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2022.111702Maximilien Franck, Juan de Toro-Martín, Marie-Claude Vohl Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics of the Human-Gut Microbiota Symbiosis in a Changing Nutritional Environment, Evolutionary Biology 49, no.33 (May 2022): 255–264.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-022-09569-xAngie S. Reyes, Amaury Bittar, Laura C. Ávila, Catalina Botia, Natalia P. Esmeral, Natasha I. Bloch Divergence in brain size and brain region volumes across wild guppy populations, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 289, no.19811981 (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2784Gilles De Meester, Panayiotis Pafilis, Gabriel Vasilakis, Raoul Van Damme Exploration and spatial cognition show long-term repeatability but no heritability in the Aegean wall lizard, Animal Behaviour 190 (Aug 2022): 167–185.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.06.007Patrizia Restani, Francesca Colombo, Simone Biella, Corinne Bani, Francesca Mercogliano, Chiara Di Lorenzo Diet, Polyphenols, and Human Evolution, Applied Sciences 12, no.1515 (Aug 2022): 7805.https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157805Christopher D. Pull, Irina Petkova, Cecylia Watrobska, Grégoire Pasquier, Marta Perez Fernandez, Ellouise Leadbeater Ecology dictates the value of memory for foraging bees, Current Biology 190 (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.062Eric Schniter, Hillard S. Kaplan, Michael Gurven Cultural transmission vectors of essential knowledge and skills among Tsimane forager-farmers, Evolution and Human Behavior 36 (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.08.002J Jean Chen, Biranavan Uthayakumar, Fahmeed Hyder Mapping oxidative metabolism in the human brain with calibrated fMRI in health and disease, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 42, no.77 (Mar 2022): 1139–1162.https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X221077338Stefan Fischer, Arne Jungwirth The costs and benefits of larger brains in fishes, Journal of Evolutionary Biology 35, no.77 (May 2022): 973–985.https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.14026Thomas Larsen, Ricardo Fernandes, Yiming V Wang, Patrick Roberts Reconstructing Hominin Diets with Stable Isotope Analysis of Amino Acids: New Perspectives and Future Directions, BioScience 72, no.77 (May 2022): 618–637.https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biac028Hessam Nowzari, Michael Jorgensen Human Dento-Facial Evolution: Cranial Capacity, Facial Expression, Language, Oral Complications and Diseases, Oral 2, no.22 (Apr 2022): 163–172.https://doi.org/10.3390/oral2020016Sandra A. Heldstab, Karin Isler, Sereina M. Graber, Caroline Schuppli, Carel P. van Schaik The economics of brain size evolution in vertebrates, Current Biology 32, no.1212 (Jun 2022): R697–R708.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.096Kaitlyn J Howell, Shannon M Beston, Matthew R Walsh Sex-specific evolution of brain size and structure and covariation with eye size in Trinidadian killifish, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 136, no.22 (Apr 2022): 226–239.https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blac033Zach N Coto, James F A Traniello Social Brain Energetics: Ergonomic Efficiency, Neurometabolic Scaling, and Metabolic Polyphenism in Ants, Integrative and Comparative Biology 36 (May 2022).https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icac048Alessandro Zanazzi, Andrew Fletcher, Carlo Peretto, Ursula Thun Hohenstein Middle Pleistocene paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of central Italy and their relationship with hominin migrations and evolution, Quaternary International 619 (May 2022): 12–29.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2022.01.011Jing Yuan, Senquan Ji, Liao Luo, Jinglei Lv, Tianming Liu Control energy assessment of spatial interactions among macro‐scale brain networks, Human Brain Mapping 43, no.77 (Jan 2022): 2181–2203.https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25780Candice Nikita Neves, Neville Pillay Variation in brain volume in nine populations and three taxa of the African striped mouse Rhabdomys, Journal of Morphology 283, no.55 (Feb 2022): 618–636.https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21463Paul Palmqvist, Guillermo Rodríguez-Gómez, José María Bermúdez de Castro, José Manuel García-Aguilar, M. Patrocinio Espigares, Borja Figueirido, Sergio Ros-Montoya, Alejandro Granados, Francisco J. Serrano, Bienvenido Martínez-Navarro, Antonio Guerra-Merchán Insights on the Early Pleistocene Hominin Population of the Guadix-Baza Depression (SE Spain) and a Review on the Ecology of the First Peopling of Europe, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10 (Apr 2022).https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.881651Anna Goncerzewicz, Tomasz Górkiewicz, Jakub M. Dzik, Joanna Jędrzejewska-Szmek, Ewelina Knapska, Marek Konarzewski Brain size, gut size and cognitive abilities: the energy trade-offs tested in artificial selection experiment, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 289, no.19721972 (Apr 2022).https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2747Cong Zhang, Xiaodan Wang, Jiaqi He, Yuxing Huang, Qincheng Huang, Chuanjie Qin, Jianguang Qin, Liqiao Chen Neural excitotoxicity and the toxic mechanism induced by acute hypoxia in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), Aquatic Toxicology 245 (Apr 2022): 106131.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106131Aylar Abdolahzadeh, Shannon P. McPherron, Dennis M. Sandgathe, Theodore G. Schurr, Deborah I. Olszewski, Harold L. Dibble Investigating variability in the frequency of fire use in the archaeological record of Late Pleistocene Europe, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14, no.44 (Mar 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01526-1Géssica Luana Antunes, Josiane Silva Silveira, Carolina Luft, Samuel Greggio, Gianina Teribele Venturin, Felipe Schmitz, Helena Biasibetti-Brendler, Francieli Vuolo, Felipe Dal-Pizzol, Jaderson Costa da Costa, Angela T. S. Wyse, Paulo Márcio Pitrez, Aline Andrea da Cunha Airway inflammation induces anxiety-like behavior through neuroinflammatory, neurochemical, and neurometabolic changes in an allergic asthma model, Metabolic Brain Disease 37, no.44 (Jan 2022): 911–926.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-022-00907-8Ioanna Gavriilidi, Gilles De Meester, Raoul Van Damme, Simon Baeckens How to behave when marooned: the behavioural component of the island syndrome remains underexplored, Biology Letters 18, no.44 (Apr 2022).https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0030Matt Sponheimer, David J. Daegling, Peter S. Ungar, René Bobe, Oliver C.C. Paine Problems with Paranthropus, Quaternary International 44 (Apr 2022).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2022.03.024Manuel Domínguez‐Rodrigo, Lloyd A. Courtenay, Lucía Cobo‐Sánchez, Enrique Baquedano, Audax Mabulla A case of hominin scavenging 1.84 million years ago from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1510, no.11 (Dec 2021): 121–131.https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14727Yingying Zhang, Hongyang Wang, Weilong Tu, Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza, Jianguo Cao, Ji Huang, Huali Wu, Chun Fan, Shengchang Wang, Ying Zhao, Yongsong Tan Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insight into Spatio-Temporal Expression Characteristics and Genetic Regulatory Network in Postnatal Developing Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat of Bama Pig, Frontiers in Genetics 13 (Mar 2022).https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.844833Matt Grove, Lucy Timbrell, Ben Jolley, Fiona Polack, James M. Borg The Importance of Noise Colour in Simulations of Evolutionary Systems, Artificial Life 27, no.3–43–4 (Mar 2022): 164–182.https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00354Naoki Hiratani, Peter E. Latham Developmental and evolutionary constraints on olfactory circuit selection, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no.1111 (Mar 2022).https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100600119Camille Daujeard, Sandrine Prat What Are the “Costs and Benefits” of Meat-Eating in Human Evolution? The Challenging Contribution of Behavioral Ecology to Archeology, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10 (Mar 2022).https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.834638Yating LIU, Zhengjun WU, Wenbo LIAO Large‐brained birds display lower extra‐pair paternity, Integrative Zoology 36 (Mar 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12636Stefano Aicardi, Matteo Bozzo, Andrea Amaroli, Lorenzo Gallus, Beatrice Risso, Erica Carlig, Davide Di Blasi, Marino Vacchi, Laura Ghigliotti, Sara Ferrando The Arrangement of the Peripheral Olfactory System of Pleuragramma antarcticum: A Well-Exploited Small Sensor, an Aided Water Flow, and a Prominent Effort in Primary Signal Elaboration, Animals 12, no.55 (Mar 2022): 663.https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050663Kozue Shiomi Possible link between brain size and flight mode in birds: Does soaring ease the energetic limitation of the brain?, Evolution 76, no.33 (Jan 2022): 649–657.https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14425Gabriele Lakomski, Colin W Evers The importance of context for leadership in education, Educational Management Administration & Leadership 50, no.22 (Mar 2022): 269–284.https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432211051850Christopher B. Ruff, Juho‐Antti Junno, M. Loring Burgess, Stephanie L. Canington, Christine Harper, Antoine Mudakikwa, Shannon C. McFarlin Body proportions and environmental adaptation in gorillas, American Journal of Biological Anthropology 177, no.33 (Nov 2021): 501–529.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24443Gonzalo J. Linares-Matás, James Clark Seasonality and Oldowan behavioral variability in East Africa, Journal of Human Evolution 164 (Mar 2022): 103070.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103070Manasvi Lingam The Possible Role of Body Temperature in Modulating Brain and Body Sizes in Hominin Evolution, Frontiers in Psychology 12 (Feb 2022).https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.774683Alastair D Smith, Carlo De Lillo Sources of variation in search and foraging: A theoretical perspective, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 75, no.22 (Oct 2021): 197–231.https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211050314Spencer Talbot, Todor Gerdjikov, Carlo De Lillo Two variations and one similarity in memory functions deployed by mice and humans to support foraging, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 75, no.22 (Apr 2021): 245–259.https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211010576Jennifer A. Parkinson, Thomas W. Plummer, James S. Oliver, Laura C. Bishop Meat on the menu: GIS spatial distribution analysis of bone surface damage indicates that Oldowan hominins at Kanjera South, Kenya had early access to carcasses, Quaternary Science Reviews 277 (Feb 2022): 107314.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107314Xiu-Jie Wu, Christopher J. Bae, Martin Friess, Song Xing, Sheela Athreya, Wu Liu Evolution of cranial capacity revisited: A view from the late Middle Pleistocene cranium from Xujiayao, China, Journal of Human Evolution 163 (Feb 2022): 103119.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103119José Lobo, Todd Whitelaw, Luís M. A. Bettencourt, Polly Wiessner, Michael E. Smith, and Scott Ortman Scaling of Hunter-Gatherer Camp Size and Human Sociality, Current Anthropology 63, no.11 (Mar 2022): 68–94.https://doi.org/10.1086/719234W. Andrew Barr, Briana Pobiner, John Rowan, Andrew Du, J. Tyler Faith No sustained increase in zooarchaeological evidence for carnivory after the appearance of Homo erectus, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no.55 (Jan 2022).https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115540119Candice Nikita Neves, Neville Pillay Sociability, but not spatial memory, is correlated with regional brain volume variation in the striped mouse Rhabdomys spp., Behavioural Brain Research 417 (Jan 2022): 113567.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113567Giulia Montalbano, Cristiano Bertolucci, Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato Cognitive Phenotypic Plasticity: Environmental Enrichment Affects Learning but Not Executive Functions in a Teleost Fish, Poecilia reticulata, Biology 11, no.11 (Jan 2022): 64.https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11010064Gábor Herczeg, Viktória Nyitrai, Gergely Balázs, Gergely Horváth Food preference and food type innovation of surface- vs. cave-dwelling waterlouse (Asellus aquaticus) after 60 000 years of isolation, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 76, no.11 (Dec 2021).https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-021-03109-xRaffaela Lesch, Andrew C. Kitchener, Georg Hantke, Kurt Kotrschal, W. Tecumseh Fitch Cranial volume and palate length of cats, Felis spp., under domestication, hybridization and in wild populations, Royal Society Open Science 9, no.11 (Jan 2022).https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210477Patricio Cruz y Celis Peniche Drivers of insect consumption across human populations, Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 31, no.11 (Oct 2021): 45–59.https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21926Wenpeng You, Renata Henneberg, Arthur Saniotis, Yanfei Ge, Maciej Henneberg Total Meat Intake is Associated with Life Expectancy: A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis of 175 Contemporary Populations, International Journal of General Medicine Volume 15 (Feb 2022): 1833–1851.https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S333004Paul Palmqvist, Guillermo Rodríguez-Gómez, Borja Figueirido, José Manuel García-Aguilar, Juan Antonio Pérez-Claros On the ecological scenario of the first hominin dispersal out of Africa, L'Anthropologie 126, no.11 (Jan 2022): 102998.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2022.102998Federica Amici Primate Cognition, (May 2022): 5531–5539.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1850B. Katherine Smith Catarrhine Diet, (May 2022): 1046–1051.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_466Alizée Vernouillet Social Intelligence Hypothesis, (May 2022): 6513–6518.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1498Lonnie Aarssen Becoming Human, (Jul 2022): 15–23.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05879-0_3Ethel Allué, Carolina Mallol, Vera Aldeias, Aitor Burguet-Coca, Dan Cabanes, Ángel Carrancho, Rory Connolly, Lucia Leierer, Susan Mentzer, Christopher Miller, Dennis Sandgathe, Mareike Stahlschmidt, Isabelle Théry-Parisot, Manuel Vaquero Fire among Neanderthals, (Jan 2022): 227–249.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821428-2.00014-7Leigha M. Lynch, Kari L. Allen Relative Brain Volume of Carnivorans Has Evolved in Correlation with Environmental and Dietary Variables Differentially among Clades, Brain, Behavior and Evolution 97, no.55 (Mar 2022): 284–297.https://doi.org/10.1159/000523787Juan Antonio Pérez-Claros, Paul Palmqvist Heterochronies and allometries in the evolution of the hominid cranium: a morphometric approach using classical anthropometric variables, PeerJ 10 (Aug 2022): e13991.https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13991Atsushi Nobayashi Introduction: Making Food in the Cultural and Civilized Contexts, (Jun 2022): 1–12.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1048-7_1Thomas S. Kraft, Vivek V. Venkataraman, Ian J. Wallace, Alyssa N. Crittenden, Nicholas B. Holowka, Jonathan Stieglitz, Jacob Harris, David A. Raichlen, Brian Wood, Michael Gurven, Herman Pontzer The energetics of uniquely human subsistence strategies, Science 374, no.65756575 (Dec 2021).https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0130Helen Rebecca Chambers, Sandra Andrea Heldstab, Sean J. O’Hara, Adam Kane Why big brains? A comparison of models for both primate and carnivore brain size evolution, PLOS ONE 16, no.1212 (Dec 2021): e0261185.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261185Ian Tattersall The Evolution of Hominin Behavior, (Dec 2021): 427–455.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119109556.ch16Sandrine Costamagno, Camille Nôus Ressources alimentaires et inégalités sociales au Paléolithique : la question du stockage à large échelle, Paléo , no.Hors-sérieHors-série (Dec 2021): 80–94.https://doi.org/10.4000/paleo.6710Abigail E. Colby, Clare M. Kimock, James P. Higham Endocranial volume is variable and heritable, but not related to fitness, in a free-ranging primate, Scientific Reports 11, no.11 (Feb 2021).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81265-wChester Wai-Jen Liu, Sheng-Feng Shen, Wei-Chung Liu On the evolution of social ties as an instrumental tool for resource competition in resource patch networks, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 8, no.11 (Mar 2021).https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00753-6Shahar Avin, Adrian Currie, Stephen H. Montgomery An agent-based model clarifies the importance of functional and developmental integration in shaping brain evolution, BMC Biology 19, no.11 (May 2021).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-01024-1Manuel Will, Mario Krapp, Jay T. Stock, Andrea Manica Different environmental variables predict body and brain size evolution in Homo, Nature Communications 12, no.11 (Jul 2021).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24290-7Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo, Enrique Baquedano, Elia Organista, Lucía Cobo-Sánchez, Audax Mabulla, Vivek Maskara, Agness Gidna, Marcos Pizarro-Monzo, Julia Aramendi, Ana Belén Galán, Gabriel Cifuentes-Alcobendas, Marina Vegara-Riquelme, Blanca Jiménez-García, Natalia Abellán, Rebeca Barba, David Uribelarrea, David Martín-Perea, Fernando Diez-Martin, José Manuel Maíllo-Fernández, Antonio Rodríguez-Hidalgo, Lloyd Courtenay, Rocío Mora, Miguel Angel Maté-González, Diego González-Aguilera Early Pleistocene faunivorous hominins were not kleptoparasitic, and this impacted the evolution of human anatomy and socio-ecology, Scientific Reports 11, no.11 (Aug 2021).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94783-4Kendra D. Maclaine, Kevin A. Stebbings, Daniel A. Llano, Justin C. Havird The mtDNA mutation spectrum in the PolG mutator mouse reveals germline and somatic selection, BMC Genomic Data 22, no.11 (Nov 2021).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-021-01005-xAdeline Le Cabec, Thomas Colard, Damien Charabidze, Catherine Chaussain, Gabriele Di Carlo, Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Rita T. Melis, Laura Pioli, Fernando Ramirez-Rozzi, Margherita Mussi Insights into the palaeobiology of an early Homo infant: multidisciplinary investigation of the GAR IVE hemi-mandible, Melka Kunture, Ethiopia, Scientific Reports 11, no.11 (Nov 2021).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02462-1Stephen Buckley, Robert C. Power, Maria Andreadaki-Vlazaki, Murat Akar, Julia Becher, Matthias Belser, Sara Cafisso, Stefanie Eisenmann, Joann Fletcher, Michael Francken, Birgitta Hallager, Katerina Harvati, Tara Ingman, Efthymia Kataki, Joseph Maran, Mario A. S. Martin, Photini J. P. McGeorge, Ianir Milevski, Alkestis Papadimitriou, Eftychia Protopapadaki, Domingo C. Salazar-García, Tyede Schmidt-Schultz, Verena J. Schuenemann, Rula Shafiq, Ingelise Stuijts, Dmitry Yegorov, K. Aslιhan Yener, Michael Schultz, Cynthianne Spiteri, Philipp W. Stockhammer Archaeometric evidence for the earliest exploitation of lignite from the bronze age Eastern Mediterranean, Scientific Reports 11, no.11 (Dec 2021).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03544-wBhadra S. Kumar, Nagavarshini Mayakkannan, N. Sowmya Manojna, V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy Artificial neurovascular network (ANVN) to study the accuracy vs. efficiency trade-off in an energy dependent neural network, Scientific Reports 11, no.11 (Jul 2021).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92661-7Stephanie Fong, Björn Rogell, Mirjam Amcoff, Alexander Kotrschal, Wouter van der Bijl, Séverine D. Buechel, Niclas Kolm Rapid mosaic brain evolution under artificial selection for relative telencephalon size in the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ), Science Advances 7, no.4646 (Nov 2021).https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj4314Nicholas L. Anderson, Alexandra N. Harmon-Threatt Chronic contact with imidacloprid during development may decrease female solitary bee foraging ability and increase male competitive ability for mates, Chemosphere 283 (Nov 2021): 131177.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131177Elisa Mattavelli, Alberico Luigi Catapano, Andrea Baragetti Molecular Immune-Inflammatory Connections between Dietary Fats and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Which Translation into Clinics?, Nutrients 13, no.1111 (Oct 2021): 3768.https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113768Andrew W. Best Why does strength training improve endurance performance?, American Journal of Human Biology 33, no.66 (Oct 2020).https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23526Anis Daou, Raid G. Alany, Gianpiero Calabrese Formulation of Boron Encapsulated Smart Nanocapsules for Targeted Drug Delivery to the Brain, Applied Sciences 11, no.2222 (Nov 2021): 10738.https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210738Herman Pontzer, Brian M. Wood Effects of Evolution, Ecology, and Economy on Human Diet: Insights from Hunter-Gatherers and Other Small-Scale Societies, Annual Review of Nutrition 41, no.11 (Oct 2021): 363–385.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-111120-105520Jeanelle Uy, Natalie M. Laudicina, Karen Rosenberg Assessing the role of the pelvic canal in supporting the gut in humans, PLOS ONE 16, no.1010 (Oct 2021): e0258341.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258341Joe Alcock, Amanda Carroll-Portillo, Cristina Coffman, Henry C Lin Evolution of human diet and microbiome-driven disease, Current Opinion in Physiology 23 (Oct 2021): 100455.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2021.06.009Maire A. Malone, Laura M. MacLatchy, John C. Mitani, Robert Kityo, John D. Kingston A chimpanzee enamel-diet δ13C enrichment factor and a refined enamel sampling strategy: Implications for dietary reconstructions, Journal of Human Evolution 159 (Oct 2021): 103062.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103062Evan J. Versteeg, Timothy Fernandes, Matthew M. Guzzo, Frédéric Laberge, Trevor Middel, Mark Ridgway, Bailey C. McMeans Seasonal variation of behavior and brain size in a freshwater fish, Ecology and Evolution 46 (Sep 2021).https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8179 Evolutionary Transitions: From Primate Ancestors to Modern Humans, (Sep 2021): 247–343.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108961646.023 How an Ape Became a Hunter, (Sep 2021): 271–300.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108961646.026José Manuel Rodríguez Arce, Michael James Winkelman Psychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution, Frontiers in Psychology 12 (Sep 2021).https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425Ying Jiang, Jia Yu Wang, Xiao Fu Huang, Chun Lan Mai, Wen Bo Liao Brain size evolution in small mammals: test of the expensive tissue hypothesis, Mammalia 85, no.55 (May 2021): 455–461.https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2019-0134Stephanie B Crofts, Theodore Stankowich Stabbing Spines: A review of the Biomechanics and Evolution of Defensive Spines, Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no.22 (Jun 2021): 655–667.https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab099M. Vidal-Cordasco, J. Rodríguez, O. Prado-Nóvoa, G. Zorrilla-Revilla, and A. Mateos Locomotor Economy and Foraging Ecology in Hominins, Journal of Anthropological Research 77, no.33 (Aug 2021): 338–361.https://doi.org/10.1086/715402Meera Anna Oommen and Kartik Shanker Signals from the Hunt: Widening the Spectrum on Male Pursuits of Dangerous Animals, Journal of Anthropological Research 77, no.33 (Aug 2021): 362–396.https://doi.org/10.1086/715404Robert Layton Kinship Without Words, Biological Theory 16, no.33 (Apr 2020): 135–147.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-020-00346-7Will Sowersby, Simon Eckerström‐Liedholm, Alexander Kotrschal, Joacim Näslund, Piotr Rowiński, Alejandro Gonzalez‐Voyer, Björn Rogell Fast life‐histories are associated with larger brain size in killifishes, Evolution 75, no.99 (Aug 2021): 2286–2298.https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14310Serena Wong, Jennifer S. Bigman, Kara E. Yopak, Nicholas K. Dulvy Gill surface area provides a clue for the respiratory basis of brain size in the blacktip shark ( Carcharhinus limbatus ), Journal of Fish Biology 99, no.33 (Jun 2021): 990–998.https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14797Peter A. Kempster, Laura Perju-Dumbrava The Thermodynamic Consequences of Parkinson's Disease, Frontiers in Neurology 12 (Aug 2021).https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.685314Vijay Balasubramanian Brain power, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no.3232 (Aug 2021).https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107022118Miki Ben‐Dor, Raphael Sirtoli, Ran Barkai The evolution of the human trophic level during the Pleistocene, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 175, no.S72S72 (Mar 2021): 27–56.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24247Rebecca Rimbach, Ahmad Amireh, Austin Allen, Brian Hare, Emily Guarino, Chana Kaufman, Hannah Salomons, Herman Pontzer Total energy expenditure of bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ) of different ages, Journal of Experimental Biology 224, no.1515 (Aug 2021).https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.242218Matthew R Mccurry, Felix G Marx, Alistair R Evans, Travis Park, Nicholas D Pyenson, Naoki Kohno, Silvia Castiglione, Erich M G Fitzgerald Brain size evolution in whales and dolphins: new data from fossil mysticetes, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133, no.44 (May 2021): 990–998.https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab054Robert B Mobley, Janette W Boughman Variation in the Sensory Space of Three-spined Stickleback Populations, Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no.11 (Dec 2020): 50–61.https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa145Carola Borries, Jeroen B. Smaers, Carrie S. Mongle, Andreas Koenig The effect of data provenance on estimates of gestation length in African and Asian colobines, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 36 (Jul 2021).https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24370Rebecca Biermann Gürbüz, Stephen J. Lycett Could woodworking have driven lithic tool selection?, Journal of Human Evolution 156 (Jul 2021): 102999.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102999Meghan Barrett, Sophi Schneider, Purnima Sachdeva, Angelina Gomez, Stephen Buchmann, Sean O’Donnell Neuroanatomical differentiation associated with alternative reproductive tactics in male arid land bees, Centris pallida and Amegilla dawsoni, Journal of Comparative Physiology A 207, no.44 (Jun 2021): 497–504.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01492-4Paola Cerrito, Alex R. DeCasien The expression of care: Alloparental care frequency predicts neural control of facial muscles in primates, Evolution 75, no.77 (Jun 2021): 1727–1737.https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14275Luis C. Elizondo Lara, José Young, Klaus Schliep, Luis F. De León Brain Allometry Across Macroevolutionary Scales in Squamates Suggests a Conserved Pattern in Snakes, Zoology 146 (Jun 2021): 125926.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2021.125926Rebecca Biermann Gürbüz, Stephen J. Lycett Did the use of bone flakes precede the use of knapped stone flakes in hominin meat processing and could this be detectable archaeologically?, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 62 (Jun 2021): 101305.http