The natural sesquiterpene lactone inulicin suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory mediators via inhibiting NF-κB and AP-1 pathways in LPS-activated macrophages

Inulicin is a sesquiterpene lactone in Inulae Flos which is clinically used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as cough, sputum production, and vomiting. This study aimed to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity and the underlying mechanism of inulicin by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced