Roles of noncoding RNA in allergic rhinitis

Abstract Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common respiratory noninfectious diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases, the incidence of which has been increasing in recent years. The main pathological characteristics of AR are repeated inflammation, airway hyperreactivity, mucus hypersecretion, and reversible airway obstruction due to inflammatory cell response. AR occurrence is associated with various factors, including those of genetic and environmental origins. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a group of RNA molecules that cannot be converted into polypeptides. The three main categories of ncRNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). NcRNAs play a crucial role in controlling gene expression and contribute to the development of numerous human diseases. Methods Articles are selected based on Pubmed's literature review and the author's personal knowledge. The largest and highest quality studies were included. The search selection is not standardized. Several recent studies have indicated the relationship of ncRNAs with the development of respiratory allergic diseases. NcRNAs, including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, are important gene expression regulatory factors. We review the expression and function of ncRNAs in AR, their role as disease biomarkers, and their prospective applicability in future research and clinically. We also discuss interactions between ncRNAs and their influence on AR comprehensively, these interactions are essential for determining the underlying pathological mechanisms further and discovering new drug therapeutic targets. Results NcRNAs can be used as biomarkers for early AR diagnosis, disease surveillance and prognosis assessment. Various categories of ncRNAs play distinct yet interconnected roles and actively contribute to intricate gene regulatory networks. They are also therapeutic targets and biomarkers in other allergic diseases. Conclusion This article demonstrates ncRNAs have a wide range of applications in AR treatment. The database covers three key areas: miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. Additionally, potential avenues for future research to facilitate the practical application of ncRNAs as therapeutic targets and biomarkers will be explore. With further research and technological development, ncRNAs may provide additional innovative, effective solutions for AR treatment.