Applications over the horizon �� Advancements and challenges in brain-computer interfaces

Brain-computer interface (BCI) has emerged as a cutting-edge technology that aims to establish a direct communication pathway between human brain and external devices. 1 One of the main purposes of BCIs is to enable individuals to control external devices or interact with virtual environment using their brain activities.By interpreting neural signals and translating them into commands, BCIs have the potential to restore mobility to paralyzed individuals, enhance human-computer interaction, and unlock new possibilities in many fields such as medicine, gaming, and communication.In the past few