Dual-function chromogenic screening-based CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system for actinomycetes

Actinobacteria are one of the most important sources of pharmaceutically valuable and industrially relevant secondary metabolites. Modern genome mining reveals that the potential for secondary metabolite production of actinomycetes has been underestimated. Recently, the establishment of CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic manipulation approaches in actinomycetes opened a new era for genome engineering of this type of organism. Compared with the traditional methods, the application of CRISPR/Cas9 shows several advantages in actinomycetes including higher efficiency and ease of operation. However, the screening process for the correctly edited mutants and the plasmid curing are still time- and labor-intensive. To address this problem, we developed an updated version of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system for actinomycetes, based on two chromogenic reporter systems (GusA and IdgS). Our system facilitates both processes of positive clone screening and plasmid curing. Here, we demonstrate by three case studies in both model actinomycetes and non-model actinomycetes that this system is faster and more efficient. We performed the deletion of one single gene, actIORFI (SCO5087 of the actinorhodin gene cluster) in Streptomyces coelicolor M145, one small-size (5.5 kb) gene cluster (orange-pigmented carotenoid gene cluster), and one relatively large-size (61 kb) gene cluster (abyssomicin gene cluster) in Verrucosispora sp. MS100137. The results presented in this study indicate that this updated CRISPR/Cas9 system employing chromogenic reporters is versatile and broadly applicable in genome engineering of actinomycetes, not only for the largest genus Streptomyces.