The 21st century is an era of the coexistence of opportunities and challenges. Domestic higher education and modern science and technology have obtained unprecedented development, making people more clearly understand the vital role of mathematics, which is both pressure and power for college mathematics teaching. In addition, due attention should be taken on the problems in mathematics teaching. This paper dwells on the problems and opportunities of mathematics education in colleges and universities, hoping to find and solve the root causes of problems in the teaching process from three aspects of teachers, schools and students, so as to improve the quality and efficiency of mathematics teaching.