Cardiovascular safety of current and emerging drugs to treat anaemia in chronic kidney disease: a safety review

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are the standard of treatment for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHI) are small molecules that stimulate endogenous erythropoietin synthesis.The cardiovascular safety of ESAs and HIF-PHIs. We performed a PubMed search using several key words, including anemia, chronic kidney disease, safety, erythropoiesis stimulating agents, HIF-PH inhibitors.ESAs are well-tolerated drugs with a long history of use; there are safety concerns, especially when targeting high hemoglobin levels. HIF-PHIs have comparable efficacy to ESAs in correcting anemia. Contrary to expectations, randomized phase 3 clinical trials have shown that overall HIF-PHIs were non-inferior to ESA or placebo with respect to the risk of cardiovascular endpoints. In addition, some phase 3 trials raised potential safety concerns regarding cardiovascular and thrombotic events, particularly in non-dialysis patients.Today, HIF-PHIs represent an additional treatment option for anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. This has made the management of anemia in CKD more complex and heterogeneous. A better understanding of the mechanisms causing hypo-responsiveness to ESAs, combined with an individualized approach that balances ESAs, HIF-PHIs and iron doses, could increase the benefits while reducing the risks.