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Retracing the Rapid Evolution of an Herbicide-Degrading Enzyme by Protein Engineering

氨基水解酶 水解酶 活动站点 生物化学 定向进化 化学 鸟嘌呤 蛋白质工程 丝氨酸水解酶 立体化学 生物 突变体 基因 核苷酸 丝氨酸
作者
Markus Busch,Lukas Drexler,Dhani Ram Mahato,Caroline Hiefinger,Sílvia Osuna,Reinhard Sterner
出处
期刊:ACS Catalysis 卷期号:13 (23): 15558-15571 被引量:1
标识
DOI:10.1021/acscatal.3c04010
摘要

The mechanisms underlying the rapid evolution of novel enzymatic activities from promiscuous side activities are poorly understood. Recently emerged enzymes catalyzing the catabolic degradation of xenobiotic substances that have been spread out into the environment during the last few decades provide an exquisite opportunity to study these mechanisms. A prominent example is the herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), which is degraded through a number of enzymatic reactions, constituting the Atz pathway. Here, we analyzed the evolution of hydroxyatrazine ethylaminohydrolase AtzB, a Zn(II)-dependent metalloenzyme that adopts the amidohydrolase fold and catalyzes the second step of the Atz pathway. We searched for promiscuous side activities of AtzB, which might point to the identity of its progenitor. These investigations revealed that AtzB has a low promiscuous guanine deaminase activity. Furthermore, we found that the two closest AtzB homologues, which have not been functionally annotated until now, are guanine deaminases with modest promiscuous hydroxyatrazine hydrolase activity. Based on sequence comparisons with the closest AtzB homologues, the guanine deaminase activity of AtzB could be increased by three orders of magnitude through the introduction of only four active site mutations. Interestingly, introducing the four inverse mutations into the AtzB homologues significantly enhanced their hydroxyatrazine hydrolase activity and, in one case, is even equivalent to that of wild-type AtzB. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidated the structural and molecular basis for the mutation-induced activity changes. The example of AtzB highlights how novel enzymes with high catalytic proficiency can evolve from low promiscuous side activities by only a few mutational events within a short period of time.
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