Expression of selected inflammatory mediators with different clinical characteristics of pulpal inflammation

Introduction Accurately diagnosing the state of dental pulp is crucial when addressing tooth pain to determine the best treatment approach. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of inflammatory mediators in the dental pulp of mature teeth that have been exposed via caries but show no signs of apical periodontitis. Methods Samples of pulpal blood from adults with mature teeth responsive to pulp testing and have carious pulp exposures were obtained. These samples were analyzed for 12 inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory proteins using the Luminex assay platform. Clinical factors were correlated with cytokine levels, and statistical analysis were performed to evaluate the impact of these factors on cytokine expression. Result Of the 36 patients that were included, 44.44% took pain medications, 33.33% had prolonged pulpal bleeding, 41.67% felt spontaneous pain, and 72.22% were diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Significant correlations existed between presenting pain scores and levels of IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-8 (P< 0.05). Factors like analgesic medication intake, pain to percussion, pain to thermal testing, spontaneous pain, and nocturnal pain were significantly associated with higher levels of specific inflammatory proteins. No significant associations were observed with pain to palpation, bleeding time, or pulpal diagnosis. Conclusion Inflammatory proteins, including cytokine levels may play a critical role in characterizing pulpal inflammation. Future studies should investigate the role of these potential biomarkers in determining the diagnosis of pulpitis and the prognosis of vital pulp therapy.