The role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles containing noncoding RNAs in mediating immune cell function and its implications from bench to bedside

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-encapsulated vesicles released by almost all cell types, which participate in intercellular communication by delivering different types of molecular cargoes, such as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Accumulating evidence suggests that tumor-derived EVs act as a bridge for intercellular crosstalk between tumor cells and surrounding cells, including immune cells. Tumor-derived EVs containing ncRNAs (TEV-ncRNAs) mediate intercellular crosstalk to manipulate immune responses and affect the malignant phenotypes of cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the double-edged roles and the underlying mechanisms of TEV-ncRNAs in regulating innate and adaptive immune cells. We also highlight the advantages of using TEV-ncRNAs in liquid biopsies for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Moreover, we outline the use of engineered EVs to deliver ncRNAs and other therapeutic agents for cancer therapy.