Fimepinostat Impairs NF­κB and PI3K/AKT Signaling and Enhances Gemcitabine Efficacy in H3.3K27M-Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma

Abstract Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is the most aggressive pediatric brain tumor, and the oncohistone H3.3K27M mutation is associated with significantly worse clinical outcomes. Despite extensive research efforts, effective approaches for treating DIPG are lacking. Through drug screening, we identified the combination of gemcitabine and fimepinostat as a potent therapeutic intervention for H3.3K27M DIPG. H3.3K27M facilitated gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in DIPG, and gemcitabine stabilized and activated p53, including increasing chromatin accessibility for p53 at apoptosis-related loci. Gemcitabine simultaneously induced a prosurvival program in DIPG through activation of RELB-mediated NF­κB signaling. Specifically, gemcitabine induced the transcription of long terminal repeat elements, activated cGAS-STING signaling, and stimulated noncanonical NF­κB signaling. A drug screen in gemcitabine-treated DIPG cells revealed that fimepinostat, a dual inhibitor of HDAC and PI3K, effectively suppressed the gemcitabine-induced NF­κB signaling in addition to blocking PI3K/AKT activation. Combination therapy comprising gemcitabine and fimepinostat elicited synergistic antitumor effects in vitro and in orthotopic H3.3K27M DIPG xenograft models. Collectively, p53 activation using gemcitabine and suppression of RELB-mediated NF­κB activation and PI3K/AKT signaling using fimepinostat is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating H3.3K27M DIPG. Significance: Gemcitabine activates p53 and induces apoptosis to elicit antitumor effects in H3.3K27M DIPG, which can be enhanced by blocking NF­κB and PI3K/AKT signaling with fimepinostat, providing a synergistic combination therapy for DIPG.