The evolution of sex roles: The importance of ecology and social environment

生物 交配 手术性别比 生态学 性别比 交配系统 父亲照料 变化(天文学) 多样性(政治) 生殖成功 合作育种 人口学 人口 遗传学 怀孕 物理 社会学 天体物理学 人类学 后代
作者
Nolwenn Fresneau,Ivett Pipoly,Dóra Gigler,András Kosztolányi,Tamás Székely,András Liker
出处
期刊:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]
卷期号:121 (22)
标识
DOI:10.1073/pnas.2321294121
摘要

Males and females often have different roles in reproduction, although the origin of these differences has remained controversial. Explaining the enigmatic reversed sex roles where males sacrifice their mating potential and provide full parental care is a particularly long-standing challenge in evolutionary biology. While most studies focused on ecological factors as the drivers of sex roles, recent research highlights the significance of social factors such as the adult sex ratio. To disentangle these propositions, here, we investigate the additive and interactive effects of several ecological and social factors on sex role variation using shorebirds (sandpipers, plovers, and allies) as model organisms that provide the full spectrum of sex role variation including some of the best-known examples of sex-role reversal. Our results consistently show that social factors play a prominent role in driving sex roles. Importantly, we show that reversed sex roles are associated with both male-skewed adult sex ratios and high breeding densities. Furthermore, phylogenetic path analyses provide general support for sex ratios driving sex role variations rather than being a consequence of sex roles. Together, these important results open future research directions by showing that different mating opportunities of males and females play a major role in generating the evolutionary diversity of sex roles, mating system, and parental care.
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