Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update

HomeCirculationVol. 121, No. 7Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update Free AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBHeart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 UpdateA Report From the American Heart Association WRITING GROUP MEMBERS Donald Lloyd-Jones, MD, ScM, FAHA, Robert J. Adams, MD, FAHA, Todd M. Brown, MD, Mercedes Carnethon, PhD, FAHA, Shifan Dai, MD, PhD, Giovanni De Simone, MD, T. Bruce Ferguson, MD, Earl Ford, MD, MPH, Karen Furie, MD, Cathleen Gillespie, Alan Go, MD, Kurt Greenlund, PhD, Nancy Haase, Susan Hailpern, DPH, P. Michael Ho, MD, PhD, Virginia Howard, PhD, FAHA, Brett Kissela, MD, Steven Kittner, MD, Daniel Lackland, PhD, FAHA, Lynda Lisabeth, PhD, Ariane Marelli, MD, Mary M. McDermott, MD, James Meigs, MD, Dariush Mozaffarian, MD, PhD, FAHA, Michael Mussolino, PhD, Graham Nichol, MD, FAHA, Véronique L. Roger, MD, FAHA, Wayne Rosamond, PhD, FAHA, Ralph Sacco, MD, FAHA, Paul Sorlie, PhD, Randall Stafford, MD, Thomas Thom, Sylvia Wasserthiel-Smoller, PhD, Nathan D. Wong, PhD, Judith Wylie-Rosett, EdD and WRITING GROUP MEMBERS Search for more papers by this author , Donald Lloyd-JonesDonald Lloyd-Jones Search for more papers by this author , Robert J. AdamsRobert J. Adams Search for more papers by this author , Todd M. BrownTodd M. Brown Search for more papers by this author , Mercedes CarnethonMercedes Carnethon Search for more papers by this author , Shifan DaiShifan Dai Search for more papers by this author , Giovanni De SimoneGiovanni De Simone Search for more papers by this author , T. Bruce FergusonT. Bruce Ferguson Search for more papers by this author , Earl FordEarl Ford Search for more papers by this author , Karen FurieKaren Furie Search for more papers by this author , Cathleen GillespieCathleen Gillespie Search for more papers by this author , Alan GoAlan Go Search for more papers by this author , Kurt GreenlundKurt Greenlund Search for more papers by this author , Nancy HaaseNancy Haase Search for more papers by this author , Susan HailpernSusan Hailpern Search for more papers by this author , P. Michael HoP. Michael Ho Search for more papers by this author , Virginia HowardVirginia Howard Search for more papers by this author , Brett KisselaBrett Kissela Search for more papers by this author , Steven KittnerSteven Kittner Search for more papers by this author , Daniel LacklandDaniel Lackland Search for more papers by this author , Lynda LisabethLynda Lisabeth Search for more papers by this author , Ariane MarelliAriane Marelli Search for more papers by this author , Mary M. McDermottMary M. McDermott Search for more papers by this author , James MeigsJames Meigs Search for more papers by this author , Dariush MozaffarianDariush Mozaffarian Search for more papers by this author , Michael MussolinoMichael Mussolino Search for more papers by this author , Graham NicholGraham Nichol Search for more papers by this author , Véronique L. RogerVéronique L. Roger Search for more papers by this author , Wayne RosamondWayne Rosamond Search for more papers by this author , Ralph SaccoRalph Sacco Search for more papers by this author , Paul SorliePaul Sorlie Search for more papers by this author , Randall StaffordRandall Stafford Search for more papers by this author , Thomas ThomThomas Thom Search for more papers by this author , Sylvia Wasserthiel-SmollerSylvia Wasserthiel-Smoller Search for more papers by this author , Nathan D. WongNathan D. Wong Search for more papers by this author , Judith Wylie-RosettJudith Wylie-Rosett Search for more papers by this author and Search for more papers by this author and on behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Originally published17 Dec 2009https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192667Circulation. 2010;121:e46–e215is corrected byCorrectionCorrectionOther version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: December 17, 2009: Previous Version 1 TABLE OF CONTENTSSummary…e471. About These Statistics…e532. Cardiovascular Diseases…e563. Subclinical Atherosclerosis…e804. Coronary Heart Disease, Acute Coronary Syndrome, and Angina Pectoris…e865. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease)…e996. High Blood Pressure…e1157. Congenital Cardiovascular Defects…e1248. Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure…e1299. Other Cardiovascular Diseases…e134 ??— Rheumatic Fever/Rheumatic Heart Disease…e134 ??— Pulmonary Embolism…e134 ??— Bacterial Endocarditis…e135 ??— Valvular Heart Disease…e135 ??— Aortic Valve Disorders…e135 ??— Mitral Valve Disorders…e135 ??— Arrhythmias (Disorders of Heart Rhythm)…e136 ??— Arteries, Diseases of (including Peripheral Arterial Disease)…e137 ??— Venous Thromboembolism…e137 ??— Peripheral Arterial Disease…e13810. Risk Factor: Smoking/Tobacco Use…e14311. Risk Factor: High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids…e14812. Risk Factor: Physical Inactivity…e15313. Risk Factor: Overweight and Obesity…e15914. Risk Factor: Diabetes Mellitus…e16615. End-Stage Renal Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease…e17416. Metabolic Syndrome…e17917. Nutrition…e18318. Quality of Care…e19519. Medical Procedures…e20220. Economic Cost of Cardiovascular Diseases…e20621. At-a-Glance Summary Tables…e208 ????— Men and Cardiovascular Diseases…e209 ????— Women and Cardiovascular Diseases…e210 ????— Ethnic Groups and Cardiovascular Diseases…e211 ????— Children, Youth and Cardiovascular Diseases…e21222. Glossary…e213Appendix I: List of Statistical Fact Sheets. URL: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=2007We wish to thank Drs Brian Eigel and Michael Wolz for their valuable comments and contributions. We would like to acknowledge Tim Anderson and Tom Schneider for their editorial contributions and Karen Modesitt for her administrative assistance.DisclosuresWriting Group MemberEmploymentResearch GrantOther Research SupportSpeakers’ Bureau/HonorariaExpert WitnessOwnership InterestConsultant/Advisory BoardOtherDonald Lloyd-JonesNorthwesternNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneRobert J. AdamsMedical University of South CarolinaNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneTodd M. BrownUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneMercedes CarnethonNorthwestern UniversityNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneShifan DaiCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneGiovanni De SimoneFederico II University HospitalAstraZeneca, echo Core Lab for safety reason in a clinical trial on children with renal failure*; Grant from AIFA (Italian agency for drug evaluation) to evaluate use of diuretics in hypertension†; Grant to the Department from the Heart Care Foundation, National Association of Cardiology (ANMCO), for echo Core Lab in a multicenter study†; Consultation for Therabel/GiENNE Pharma (small drug company producing Canrenone, an alti-aldosterone medication)†NoneTherabel Pharma*NoneNoneNoneNoneT. Bruce FergusonBrody School of Medicine at ECUBrody School of Medicine at ECU†NoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneEarl FordCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneKaren FurieMassachusetts General HospitalNINDS†; American Heart Association-Bugher*Deane Institute for Integrative Research in Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation*NoneNoneNoneBioSante*; GE Healthcare*NoneCathleen GillespieCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneAlan GoThe Permanente Medical GroupAmerican Heart Association†; NIH/NHLBI†; NIH/NIDDK†; AHRQ†; Site PI for separate clinical trials sponsored by Johnson & Johnson† and GlaxoSmithKline†NoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneKurt GreenlundCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNancy HaaseAmerican Heart AssociationNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneSusan HailpernNorthrup Grummun/CDCNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNone(Continued)Writing Group MemberEmploymentResearch GrantOther Research SupportSpeakers’ Bureau/HonorariaExpert WitnessOwnership InterestConsultant/Advisory BoardOtherP. Michael HoDenver VA Medical Center/ University of Colorado Denver Medical School and HealthcareAmerican Heart Association†; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment†; VA Research and Development†NoneNovartis*NoneNoneWellpoint*NoneVirginia HowardUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamNIH/NINDS†NoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneBrett KisselaUniversity of CincinnatiNIH/NCRR†; NIH/NINDS†NexStim*NoneMedicolegal Review (approx 1 stroke-related case/year)*Allergan*NoneSteven KittnerUniversity of Maryland School of Medicine/Baltimore Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterNINDS†; VA Merit Review Grant†NoneTalks on Stroke in Young Adults, Stroke in Women, or Prevention of Recurrent Stroke for academic institutions, both in the US and abroad*Expert Witness or consultant on stroke etiology and causation*NoneNoneNoneDaniel LacklandMedical University of South CarolinaDOE*; NHLBI*; NIH*NoneNovartis*; Sanofi-Aventis*NoneNoneNoneNoneLynda LisabethUniversity of MichiganNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneAriane MarelliMcGill University Health CenterHeart and Stroke Foundation of Canada†NoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneMary M. McDermottNorthwestern University’s Feinberg School of MedicineALL NIH/NHLBI R01-HL073351-01-A1†; R01-HL076298-01†; R01-HL073912-01A2†; K12- HL083790-01†; R01 HL083064†; R01 HL088589† (PI on all); CO-I N01-HC-65236* (PI Daviglus)NoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneJames MeigsMassachusetts General HospitalNIDDK†; GlaxoSmithKline†; Sanofi-Aventis†NoneNoneNoneNoneInterleukin Genetics*; Eli Lilly*NoneDariush MozaffarianBrigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolNHLBI†; NIEHS†; Searle Scholar Award†; Harvard Genes and Environment Initiative†; Gates Foundation/World Health Organization Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study; and GlaxoSmithKline, Sigma Tau, and Pronova for an investigator-initiated trial†NoneHonoraria from scientific associations, universities, and Web-based publications for speaking and reviewing on topics related to diet, lifestyle, and cardiovascular health*NoneNoneNoneNoneMichael MussolinoNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNone(Continued)Writing Group MemberEmploymentResearch GrantOther Research SupportSpeakers’ Bureau/HonorariaExpert WitnessOwnership InterestConsultant/Advisory BoardOtherThis table represents the relationships of writing group members that may be perceived as actual or reasonably perceived conflicts of interest as reported on the Disclosure Questionnaire, which all members of the writing group are required to complete and submit. A relationship is considered to be “significant” if (a) the person receives $10 000 or more during any 12-month period, or 5% or more of the person’s gross income; or (b) the person owns 5% or more of the voting stock or share of the entity, or owns $10 000 or more of the fair market value of the entity. A relationship is considered to be “modest” if it is less than “significant” under the preceding definition.*Modest.†Significant.Graham NicholUniversity of WashingtonAsmund S Laerdal Foundation for Acute Medicine*; Canadian Institutes of Health Research*; Medtronic Inc. Ottawa, Canada, and Minneapolis, Minn*; NHLBI†; NIH/NHLBI†NoneNoneNoneNorthfield Laboratories*American Heart Association*; Medic One Foundation*Véronique L. RogerMayo Clinic Health Care CenterNIH/NHLBI†NoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneWayne RosamondUniversity of North CarolinaNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneRalph SaccoUniversity of Miami Medical SchoolNINDS R37 29993 Northern Manhattan Study†; NINDS R01 040807 Family Study of Stroke Risk and Carotid Atherosclerosis†NoneNoneNoneNoneBoehringer Ingelheim for design of clinical trial on stroke prevention*; GlaxoSmithKline*; Sanofi-Aventis*NonePaul SorlieNational Heat, Lung and Blood Institute, NIHNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneRandall StaffordStanford UniversityProcter and Gamble†; Toyo Shinyaku Co. Ltd†; Wako USA, a study of point-of-service laboratory testing for cholesterol*Toyo Shinyaku provided dietary supplement and placebo tablets for use in the RCT†American Drug Utilization Review Society*; IMS Health*NoneNoneAmerican College of Preventive Medicine*; Partnership for Prevention*NoneThomas ThomNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, DHHSNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneSylvia Wasserthiel- SmollerAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNathan D. WongUniversity of California, IrvineMerck†; Pfizer†NoneSpeaking fees for various CME programs/lectures on various topics including dyslipdemia, hypertension, diabetes/ metabolic syndrome†; Takeda†NoneNoneConsultant for Novartis, Inc. for diabetes project (ended in spring 2008)†NoneJudith Wylie-RosettAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNIDDK†; NHLBI†NoneVA, 1199*NoneNoneMonsanto*; Kraft Foods*NonecirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinscirculationahaCirculationCirculationCirculation0009-73221524-4539Lippincott Williams & WilkinsSummary230220101. About These Statistics230220102. Cardiovascular Diseases230220103. Subclinical Atherosclerosis230220104. Coronary Heart Disease, Acute Coronary Syndrome, and Angina Pectoris230220105. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease)230220106. High Blood Pressure230220107. Congenital Cardiovascular Defects230220108. Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure230220109. Other Cardiovascular Diseases2302201010. Risk Factor: Smoking/Tobacco Use2302201011. Risk Factor: High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids2302201012. Risk Factor: Physical Inactivity2302201013. Risk Factor: Overweight and Obesity2302201014. Risk Factor: Diabetes Mellitus2302201015. End-Stage Renal Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease2302201016. Metabolic Syndrome2302201017. Nutrition2302201018. Quality of Care2302201019. Medical Procedures2302201020. Economic Cost of Cardiovascular Diseases2302201021. At-a-Glance Summary Tables2302201022. Glossary23022010Each year, the American Heart Association, in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies, brings together the most up-to-date statistics on heart disease, stroke, other vascular diseases, and their risk factors and presents them in its Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. The Statistical Update is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, healthcare policy makers, media professionals, the lay public, and many others who seek the best national data available on disease morbidity and mortality and the risks, quality of care, medical procedures and operations, and costs associated with the management of these diseases in a single document. Indeed, since 2000, the Statistical Update has been cited more than 6500 times in the literature (including citations of all annual versions). In 2008 alone, the various Statistical Updates were cited approximately 1300 times (data from ISI Web of Science). In recent years, the Statistical Update has undergone some major changes with the addition of new chapters and major updates across multiple areas. For this year’s edition, the Statistics Committee, which produces the document for the American Heart Association, updated all of the current chapters with the most recent nationally representative data and inclusion of relevant papers from the literature over the past year. In future years, the Committee plans for the Statistical Update to be a major source for monitoring both cardiovascular health and disease in the population, with a focus on progress toward achievement of the American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals. In addition, future Statistical Updates will begin to incorporate the vast amounts of data becoming available from large population-based efforts to study the genetics of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Below are a few highlights from this year’s Update.Death Rates From CVD Have Declined, Yet the Burden of Disease Remains HighThe 2006 overall death rate from CVD (International Classification of Diseases 10, I00–I99) was 262.5 per 100 000. The rates were 306.6 per 100 000 for white males, 422.8 per 100 000 for black males, 215.5 per 100 000 for white females, and 298.2 per 100 000 for black females. From 1996 to 2006, death rates from CVD declined 29.2%. Mortality data for 2006 show that CVD (I00–I99; Q20–Q28) accounted for 34.3% (831 272) of all 2 426 264 deaths in 2006, or 1 of every 2.9 deaths in the United States.On the basis of 2006 mortality rate data, nearly 2300 Americans die of CVD each day, an average of 1 death every 38 seconds. The 2007 overall preliminary death rate from CVD was 250.4. More than 151 000 Americans killed by CVD (I00–I99) in 2006 were <65 years of age. In 2006, nearly 33% of deaths due to CVD occurred before the age of 75 years, which is well before the average life expectancy of 77.7 years.Coronary heart disease caused approximately 1 of every 6 deaths in the United States in 2006. Coronary heart disease mortality in 2006 was 425 425. In 2010, an estimated 785 000 Americans will have a new coronary attack, and approximately 470 000 will have a recurrent attack. It is estimated that an additional 195 000 silent first myocardial infarctions occur each year. Approximately every 25 seconds, an American will have a coronary event, and approximately every minute, someone will die of one.Each year, approximately 795 000 people experience a new or recurrent stroke. Approximately 610 000 of these are first attacks, and 185 000 are recurrent attacks. Mortality data from 2006 indicate that stroke accounted for approximately 1 of every 18 deaths in the United States. On average, every 40 seconds, someone in the United States has a stroke. From 1996 to 2006, the stroke death rate fell 33.5%, and the actual number of stroke deaths declined 18.4%.In 2006, 1 in 8.6 death certificates (282 754 deaths) in the United States mentioned heart failure.Prevalence and Control of Traditional Risk Factors Remains an Issue for Many AmericansData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2006 indicate that 33.6% of US adults ?20 years of age have hypertension (Table 6-1). This amounts to an estimated 74 500 000 US adults with hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension is nearly equal between men and women. African-American adults have among the highest rates of hypertension in the world, at >43%. Among hypertensive adults, approximately 78% are aware of their condition, 68% are using antihypertensive medication, and only 44% of those treated had their hypertension controlled.Despite 4 decades of progress, in 2008, among Americans ?18 years of age, 23.1% of men and 18.3% of women continued to be cigarette smokers. In grades 9 through 12, 21.3% of male students and 18.7% of female students reported current tobacco use. The percentage of the nonsmoking population with detectable serum cotinine (indicating exposure to secondhand smoke) was 46.4% in 1999–2004 and was highest for those 4 to 11 years of age (60.5%) and those 12 to 19 years of age (55.4%).An estimated 35 700 000 adults ?20 years of age have total serum cholesterol levels ?240 mg/dL, with a prevalence of 16.2% (Table 11-1).In 2006, an estimated 17 200 000 Americans had diagnosed diabetes, representing 7.7% of the adult population. A further 6 100 000 had undiagnosed diabetes, and 29% had prediabetes, with abnormal fasting glucose levels. African-Americans, Mexican-Americans, Hispanic/Latino individuals, and other ethnic minorities bear a strikingly disproportionate burden of diabetes in the United States (Table 14-1).The 2010 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Obesity Epidemic and Its Antecedents and ConsequencesThe estimated prevalence of overweight and obesity in US adults (?20 years of age) is 144 100 000, which represents 66.3% of this group in 2006. Fully 32.9% of US adults are obese (body mass index ?30 kg/m2). Men and women of all race/ethnic groups in the population are affected by the epidemic of overweight and obesity (Table 13-1).Among children 2 to 19 years of age, 31.9% are overweight and obese (which represents 23 500 000 children), and 16.3% are obese (12 000 000 children). Mexican-American boys and girls and African-American girls are disproportionately affected. Over the last 3 decades, the prevalence of obesity in children 6 to 11 years of age has increased from approximately 4% to more than 17%.Although there is some debate regarding the amount of excess mortality associated with overweight, it is clear that obesity (body mass index ?30 kg/m2) is associated with marked excess mortality in the US population. Even more notable is the excess morbidity associated with overweight and obesity in terms of risk factor development and incidence of diabetes, CVD end points (including coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure), and numerous other health conditions, including asthma, cancer, degenerative joint disease, and many others.The prevalence of diabetes is increasing dramatically over time, in parallel with the increases in prevalence of overweight and obesity.On the basis of NHANES 2003–2006 data, the age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of major cardiovascular risk factors related to overweight/obesity and insulin resistance, is 34% (35.1% among men and 32.6% among women).The proportion of youth (?18 years of age) who report engaging in no regular physical activity is high, and the proportion increases with age. In 2007, among adolescents in grades 9 through 12, 31.8% of females and 18% of males reported that they had not engaged in 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, defined as any activity that increased heart rate or breathing rate, even once in the previous 7 days, despite recommendations that children engage in such activity ?5 days per week.Fifty-nine percent of adults who responded to the 2008 National Health Interview Survey reported engaging in no vigorous activity (activity that causes heavy sweating and a large increase in breathing or heart rate).Data from NHANES indicate that between 1971 and 2004, average total energy consumption among US adults increased by 22% in women (from 1542 to 1886 kcal/d) and by 10% in men (from 2450 to 2693 kcal/d; see Chart 17-1).The increases in calories consumed during this time period are attributable primarily to greater average carbohydrate intake, particularly of starches, refined grains, and sugars. Other specific changes related to increased caloric intake in the United States include larger portion sizes, greater food quantity and calories per meal, and increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, snacks, commercially prepared (especially fast food) meals, and higher energy-density foods.The 2010 Update Provides Critical Data Regarding Cardiovascular Quality of Care, Procedure Utilization, and CostsIn light of the current national focus on healthcare utilization, costs, and quality, it is critical to monitor and understand the magnitude of healthcare delivery and costs, as well as the quality of healthcare delivery, related to CVDs. The Update provides these critical data in several sections.Quality-of-Care Metrics for CVDsChapter 18 reviews many metrics related to the quality of care delivered to patients with CVDs, as well as healthcare disparities. In particular, quality data are available from the American Heart Association’s “Get With the Guidelines” programs for acute coronary syndromes and heart failure and the American Stroke Association/American Heart Association’s “Get With the Guidelines” program for acute stroke. Similar data from the Veterans Healthcare Administration, national Medicare and Medicaid data, and NCDR ACTION Registry data are also reviewed. These data show impressive adherence with guideline recommendations for many, but not all, metrics of quality of care for these hospitalized patients. Data are also reviewed on screening for cardiovascular risk factor levels and control.Cardiovascular Procedure Utilization and CostsChapter 19 provides data on trends and current usage of cardiovascular surgical and invasive procedures. For example, from 1996 to 2006, the total number of inpatient cardiovascular operations and procedures increased 33%, from 5 444 000 to 7 235 000 annually (American Heart Association computation based on National Center for Health Statistics annual data).Chapter 20 reviews trends and current projections of direct and indirect healthcare costs related to CVDs, stroke, and related conditions. The total direct and indirect cost of CVD and stroke in the United States for 2010 is estimated to be $503.2 billion. This figure includes health expenditures (direct costs, which include the cost of physicians and other professionals, hospital and nursing home services, prescribed medications, home health care, and other medical durables) and lost productivity resulting from morbidity and mortality (indirect costs). Total hospital costs (inpatients, outpatients, and emergency department patients) projected for the year 2010 are estimated to be $155.7 billion. By comparison, in 2008, the estimated cost of all cancer and benign neoplasms was $228 billion ($93 billion in direct costs, $19 billion in morbidity indirect costs, and $116 billion in mortality indirect costs). CVD costs more than any other diagnostic group.The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current data available in the Statistics Update. The 2007 preliminary mortality data have been released. More information can be found at the National Center for Health Statistics Web site, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58_01.pdf.Finally, it must be noted that this annual Statistical Update is the product of an entire year’s worth of effort by dedicated professionals, volunteer physicians and scientists, and outstanding American Heart Association staff members, without whom publication of this valuable resource would be impossible. Their contributions are gratefully acknowledged.Donald Lloyd-Jones, MD, ScM, FAHANancy HaaseOn behalf of the American Heart Association Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics Writing GroupNote: Population data used in the compilation of NHANES prevalence estimates will now agree with the latest year of the NHANES survey being used. Extrapolations for NHANES prevalence estimates are based on the census resident population for 2006 because this is the most recent year of NHANES data used in the Statistical Update. An exception is the provisional smoking data from the 2008 National Health Interview Survey.The American Heart Association (AHA) works with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); and other government agencies to derive the annual statistics in this Update. This chapter describes the most important sources and the types of data we use from them. For more details, see Chapter 22 of this document, the Glossary.The surveys used are: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS)—ongoing telephone health survey systemGreater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study (GCNKSS)—stroke incidence rates and outcomes within a biracial populationMedical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)—data on specific health services that Americans use, how frequently they use them, the cost of these services, and how the costs are paid Abbreviations Used in Chapter 1See Glossary (Chapter 22) for explanation of terms.AHAAmerican Heart AssociationAHRQAgency fo