Nanoparticles for the synthesis of bio‐based chemical 5‐Hydroxymethyl furfural from agricultural waste and biomass‐derived carbohydrates‐A review

Abstract The need for 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has garnered significant attention owing to its versatile applications in the chemical industry as a precursor for biofuels, pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. This abstract summarizes a complete review on the synthesis of HMF using heterogeneous catalyst from agriculture waste and various biomass‐derived carbohydrates, focusing on their efficiency, selectivity and industrial feasibility. This review systematically outlines the diverse classes of heterogeneous catalyst employed in HMF production, including titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) and aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), where the discussion highlights their catalytic mechanisms and intrinsic properties that influence HMF yield, selectivity, stability and reusability. In addition, the impact of reaction parameters such as temperature, pressure, solvent, feedstock composition and catalyst morphology on HMF synthesis has been assessed. This review consolidates the current state‐of‐the‐art methodologies in the synthesis of HMF using various heterogeneous nanoparticle catalysts. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).