Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Mediates Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Induced Angiogenesis in Coronary Endothelium

The beneficial effect exerted by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) on vascular endothelium has been attributed to restoration of endothelial cell survival properties and improvement of angiogenesis. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 is an angiogenic factor for the microvascular endothelium, which tonically promotes endothelial cell growth and survival through an autocrine/paracrine mechanism. Here, we formulate the hypothesis that FGF-2 might contribute to the prosurvival/proangiogenic effect of ACEI. We investigated zofenoprilat and, in selected experiments, lisinopril, as representatives of ACEI. These compounds induced formation of pseudocapillaries in vessel fragments isolated from porcine coronary and human umbilical arteries by increasing endothelial cell growth up to 5-fold. Angiogenesis was abolished by inhibitors of nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) pathway and by anti-FGF-2 antibodies. Consistently, in cultured coronary endothelial cells (CVECs), ACEI up-regulated endothelial NOS (eNOS) and FGF-2 and induced mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation. The overexpression of eNOS/FGF-2 produced, at the functional level, enhanced cell proliferation and migration, the latter effect being dose-dependent and maximal at 0.1 μM zofenoprilat. The importance of FGF-2 for the acquisition of the angiogenic phenotype elicited by ACEI was clearly demonstrated by the impairment of endothelial functions following transfection of CVECs with small interference RNA for FGF-2. Moreover, FGF-2 silencing greatly affected the nuclear translocation of the FGF receptor (FGFR)-1, highlighting the autocrine mode of action of FGF-2. At the endothelial membrane level, zofenoprilat appeared to activate the bradykinin B1 receptor, a known stimulant of FGF-2 expression. In conclusion, we show that ACEI exert protective/proangiogenic effects in microvascular coronary endothelial cells by activating the endogenous FGF-2/FGFR-1 system.