A cellulose nanofiber–polyacrylamide hydrogel based on a co-electrolyte system for solid-state zinc ion batteries to operate at extremely cold temperatures

A cellulose nanofiber (CNF)–polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel electrolyte is developed. It has the potential to expand the application of ZIBs to broad fields such as wind turbines in desolate areas, cold polar regions, and aerospace.