TREM-2 plays a protective role in cholestasis by acting as a negative regulator of inflammation

•TREM-2 expression is upregulated in the livers of patients with PBC and PSC, and mice with cholestatic liver injury.•Trem-2-/- mice show an exacerbated inflammatory response to experimental cholestasis.•UDCA mediates anti-inflammatory effects in KCs via TREM-2.•TREM-2 arises as a novel therapeutic target for patients with cholestasis. Background & AimsInflammation, particularly that mediated by bacterial components translocating from the gut to the liver and binding to toll-like receptors (TLRs), is central to cholestatic liver injury. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) inhibits TLR-mediated signaling and exerts a protective role in hepatocellular injury and carcinogenesis. This study aims to evaluate the role of TREM-2 in cholestasis.MethodsTREM-2 expression was analyzed in the livers of patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and in mouse models of cholestasis. Wild-type (WT) and Trem-2 deficient (Trem-2-/-) mice were subjected to experimental cholestasis and gut sterilization. Primary cultured Kupffer cells were incubated with lipopolysaccharide and/or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and inflammatory responses were analyzed.ResultsTREM-2 expression was upregulated in the livers of patients with PBC or PSC, and in murine models of cholestasis. Compared to WT, the response to bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced obstructive cholestasis or alpha-naphtylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis was exacerbated in Trem-2-/- mice. This was characterized by enhanced necroptotic cell death, inflammatory responses and biliary expansion. Antibiotic treatment partially abrogated the effects observed in Trem-2-/- mice after BDL. Experimental overexpression of TREM-2 in the liver of WT mice downregulated ANIT-induced IL-33 expression and neutrophil recruitment. UDCA regulated Trem-1 and Trem-2 expression in primary cultured mouse Kupffer cells and dampened inflammatory gene transcription via a TREM-2-dependent mechanism.ConclusionsTREM-2 acts as a negative regulator of inflammation during cholestasis, representing a novel potential therapeutic target.Lay summaryCholestasis (the reduction or cessation of bile flow) causes liver injury. This injury is exacerbated when gut-derived bacterial components interact with receptors (specifically Toll-like receptors or TLRs) on liver-resident immune cells, promoting inflammation. Herein, we show that the anti-inflammatory receptor TREM-2 dampens TLR-mediated signaling and hence protects against cholestasis-induced liver injury. Thus, TREM-2 could be a potential therapeutic target in cholestasis. Inflammation, particularly that mediated by bacterial components translocating from the gut to the liver and binding to toll-like receptors (TLRs), is central to cholestatic liver injury. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) inhibits TLR-mediated signaling and exerts a protective role in hepatocellular injury and carcinogenesis. This study aims to evaluate the role of TREM-2 in cholestasis. TREM-2 expression was analyzed in the livers of patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and in mouse models of cholestasis. Wild-type (WT) and Trem-2 deficient (Trem-2-/-) mice were subjected to experimental cholestasis and gut sterilization. Primary cultured Kupffer cells were incubated with lipopolysaccharide and/or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and inflammatory responses were analyzed. TREM-2 expression was upregulated in the livers of patients with PBC or PSC, and in murine models of cholestasis. Compared to WT, the response to bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced obstructive cholestasis or alpha-naphtylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis was exacerbated in Trem-2-/- mice. This was characterized by enhanced necroptotic cell death, inflammatory responses and biliary expansion. Antibiotic treatment partially abrogated the effects observed in Trem-2-/- mice after BDL. Experimental overexpression of TREM-2 in the liver of WT mice downregulated ANIT-induced IL-33 expression and neutrophil recruitment. UDCA regulated Trem-1 and Trem-2 expression in primary cultured mouse Kupffer cells and dampened inflammatory gene transcription via a TREM-2-dependent mechanism. TREM-2 acts as a negative regulator of inflammation during cholestasis, representing a novel potential therapeutic target.