A review on application of Nano-structures and Nano-objects with high potential for managing different aspects of bone malignancies

Bone malignancies are common problems among the juvenile population. Bone metastasis is also prevalent among victims of other cancers. Traditional therapeutic methods are not completely successful for the remedy of this malady since they lack adequate precision and efficacy for diagnosis and therapy. Nano-structures by having broad applications in diagnosis and treatment of tumors have attracted extensive attention. In the current review, different aspects of various nanostructures applications in diagnosis, treatment and amending the bone lesion caused by tumors or their removal are discussed. A wide range of nano-structures and their applications in different steps of diagnosis, treatment, and repairing the related bone defects are discussed to provide an outlook for all physician and nano-scientists who wish to work on the subject. Data have been collected from high validity databases including; Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Magnetic/para-magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, and fluorescent nanoparticles are useful for tumor imaging. Lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, nanocrystals, and carbon nanotubes could be used for drug delivery to the tumor cells. Silver nanoparticles can cause apoptosis of cancerous cells, nanobodies could be useful in cancer diagnosis and treatment, and various nano-structure scaffolds could be helpful for treating bone lesions left by tumors or their surgical removal. Nontechnology based methods for bio-imaging and treatment of cancer could provide earlier diagnosis and more effective remedy compared with traditional methods. Application of nano-structures and nano-objects should be considered for further studies of treating bone malignancies.