Efficient immobilisation of industrial biocatalysts: criteria and constraints for the selection of organic polymeric carriers and immobilisation methods

Efficient immobilisation protocols are the result of perfect matching of factors depending on the enzyme, the process and the support for immobilisation. Physical–chemical phenomena, such as partition, solvation and diffusion, strongly affect the efficiency of the biocatalyst in each specific reaction system. Therefore, tailored solutions must be developed for each specific process of interest. Indeed, direct investigation of what occurs at the molecular level in a reaction catalysed by an immobilised enzyme is a quite formidable task and observed differences in the performance of immobilised biocatalysts must be interpreted very carefully. In any study dealing with enzyme immobilisation the prerequisite is the rigorous planning and reporting of experiments, being aware of the complexity of these multi-phase systems.