Synthesis, characterization and application of microbial pigments in foods as natural colors

Colorants have played a crucial role in various applications, particularly in food processing, with natural sources such as mineral ores, plants, insects, and animals being commonly used. However, the nineteenth century saw the development of synthetic dyes, which replaced these natural colorants. In recent years, there has been a growing demand for natural products, driving an increased interest in natural colorants. Microbial pigments have emerged as promising sources of natural pigments due to their numerous health benefits. They can be produced in large quantities rapidly and from more affordable substrates, making them economically attractive. This review focuses on the current advancements in the low-cost synthesis of microbial pigments, exploring their biological activities and commercial applications. Microbial pigments offer a sustainable and economically viable alternative to natural and synthetic colorants, meeting the growing demand for natural products. These pigments are relatively nontoxic and exhibit significant health benefits, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. As interest in natural products continues to rise, microbial pigments hold great potential in shaping the future of colorant production across various sectors.