Time‐Series MR Images Identifying Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Using a Deep Learning Approach

Background Pathological complete response (pCR) is an essential criterion for adjusting follow‐up treatment plans for patients with breast cancer (BC). The value of the visual geometry group and long short‐term memory (VGG‐LSTM) network using time‐series dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) for pCR identification in BC is unclear. Purpose To identify pCR to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) using deep learning (DL) models based on the VGG‐LSTM network. Study Type Retrospective. Population Center A: 235 patients (47.7 ± 10.0 years) were divided 7:3 into training ( n = 164) and validation set ( n = 71). Center B: 150 patients (48.5 ± 10.4 years) were used as test set. Field Strength/Sequence 3‐T, T2‐weighted spin‐echo sequence imaging, and gradient echo DCE sequence imaging. Assessment Patients underwent MRI examinations at three sequential time points: pretreatment, after three cycles of treatment, and prior to surgery, with tumor regions of interest manually delineated. Histopathology was the gold standard. We used VGG‐LSTM network to establish seven DL models using time‐series DCE‐MR images: pre‐NAC images (t0 model), early NAC images (t1 model), post‐NAC images (t2 model), pre‐NAC and early NAC images (t0 + t1 model), pre‐NAC and post‐NAC images (t0 + t2 model), pre‐NAC, early NAC and post‐NAC images (t0 + t1 + t2 model), and the optimal model combined with the clinical features and imaging features (combined model). The models were trained and optimized on the training and validation set, and tested on the test set. Statistical Tests The DeLong, Student's t ‐test, Mann–Whitney U, Chi‐squared, Fisher's exact, Hosmer–Lemeshow tests, decision curve analysis, and receiver operating characteristics analysis were performed. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Compared with the other six models, the combined model achieved the best performance in the test set yielding an AUC of 0.927. Data Conclusion The combined model that used time‐series DCE‐MR images, clinical features and imaging features shows promise for identifying pCR in BC. Level of Evidence 4. Technical Efficacy Stage 4.