Exceptional fracture toughness of CrCoNi-based medium- and high-entropy alloys at 20 kelvin

材料科学 断裂韧性 层错能 韧性 延展性(地球科学) 成核 复合材料 位错 冶金 马氏体 合金 微观结构 蠕动 热力学 物理
作者
Dong Liu,Qin Yu,Saurabh Kabra,Ming Jiang,Paul Forna-Kreutzer,Ruopeng Zhang,Madelyn I. Payne,Flynn Walsh,Bernd Gludovatz,Mark Asta,Andrew M. Minor,E.P. George,Robert O. Ritchie
出处
期刊:Science [American Association for the Advancement of Science]
卷期号:378 (6623): 978-983 被引量:219
标识
DOI:10.1126/science.abp8070
摘要

Medium- and high-entropy alloys based on the CrCoNi-system have been shown to display outstanding strength, tensile ductility and fracture toughness (damage-tolerance properties), especially at cryogenic temperatures. Here we examine the JIc and (back-calculated) KJIc fracture toughness values of the face-centered cubic, equiatomic CrCoNi and CrMnFeCoNi alloys at 20 K. At flow stress values of ~1.5 GPa, crack-initiation KJIc toughnesses were found to be exceptionally high, respectively 235 and 415 MPa(square-root)m for CrMnFeCoNi and CrCoNi, with the latter displaying a crack-growth toughness Kss exceeding 540 MPa(square-root)m after 2.25 mm of stable cracking, which to our knowledge is the highest such value ever reported. Characterization of the crack-tip regions in CrCoNi by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy reveal deformation structures at 20 K that are quite distinct from those at higher temperatures and involve heterogeneous nucleation, but restricted growth, of stacking faults and fine nano-twins, together with transformation to the hexagonal closed-packed phase. The coherent interfaces of these features can promote both the arrest and transmission of dislocations to generate respectively strength and ductility which strongly contributes to sustained strain hardening. Indeed, we believe that these nominally single-phase, concentrated solid-solution alloys develop their fracture resistance through a progressive synergy of deformation mechanisms, including dislocation glide, stacking-fault formation, nano-twinning and eventually in situ phase transformation, all of which serve to extend continuous strain hardening which simultaneously elevates strength and ductility (by delaying plastic instability), leading to truly exceptional resistance to fracture.
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