Cell survival, cell death and cell cycle pathways are interconnected: Implications for cancer therapy

The partial cross-utilization of molecules and pathways involved in opposing processes like cell survival, proliferation and cell death, assures that mutations within one signaling cascade will also affect the other opposite process at least to some extent, thus contributing to homeostatic regulatory circuits.This review highlights some of the connections between opposite-acting pathways.Thus, we discuss the role of cyclins in the apoptotic process, and in the regulation of cell proliferation.CDKs and their inhibitors like the INK4-family (p16 Ink4a , p15 Ink4b , p18 Ink4c , p19 Ink4d ), and the Cip1/Waf1/Kip1-2-family (p21 Cip1/Waf1 , p27 Kip1 , p57 Kip2 ) are shown both in the context of proliferation regulators and as contributors to the apoptotic machinery.Bcl2-family members (i.e.Bcl2, Bcl-X L Mcl-1 L ; Bax, Bok/Mtd, Bak, and Bcl-X S ; Bad, Bid, Bim EL , Bmf, Mcl-1 S ) are highlighted both for their apoptosis-regulating capacity and also for their effect on the cell cycle progression.The PI3-K/Akt cell survival pathway is shown as regulator of cell metabolism and cell survival, but examples are also provided where aberrant activity of the pathway may contribute to the induction of apoptosis.Myc/Mad/Max proteins are shown both as a powerful S-phase driving complex and as apoptosis-sensitizers.We also discuss multifunctional proteins like p53 and Rb (RBL1/p107, RBL2/p130) both in the context of G 1 -S transition and as apoptotic triggers.Finally, we reflect on novel therapeutic approaches that would involve redirecting over-active survival and proliferation pathways towards induction of apoptosis in cancer cells.