Ecological Wood Protection System against Fire, Fungi and Insect Damage Using Humic Acids and Fly Ash

Traditional wood protection methods involving fire retardants and preservative paints have limitations, requiring periodic renewal during a building’s lifecycle and generating hazardous waste post-use. This study aims to achieve a multifaceted solution, simultaneously enhancing wood’s resistance to fire, fungi, and insects using natural and/or recycled mineral waste components containing lime that react with pozzolanic additives. Additionally, organic humates provide protection against pests (fungi and insects). Following the crystallization processes within the wood’s structure, it exhibits increased resistance to fire, as demonstrated by tests involving seven species. The study also describes wood tolerance tests against termites (Reticulitermes flavipes) that yielded promising results, indicating that the treated wood is an unsuitable habitat for these pests. An additional advantage for the timber industry is that the crystallized composite filling the wood’s pores minimizes wood stitching and reduces internal stresses during the drying process. This property enhances the utility of timber in frame structures and carpentry joints, which are less susceptible to moisture-induced movements. The timber impregnated by our method can also be repurposed or disposed of as non-hazardous waste. This research thus offers an eco-friendly and effective approach to wood protection.