To Elucidate the Effective Role of Small Molecule Regulated lncRNAs in the Tumour Microenvironment in Immunotherapy

The tumour microenvironment is a complex ecosystem comprising tumour cells, and cancer stem cells, and support cells that facilitate cancer growth and escape from treatment. Cancer immunotherapy focuses on immunological pathways such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 to target cancer stem cells via immune cells. Small molecules, immune checkpoint inhibitors, are employed to impede tumour growth by targeting cellular mediators in the cell cycle and tumour microenvironment. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) affect the growth, development, motility, and differentiation of cancer cells by regulating gene expression and are therefore considered important biomarkers. Small molecules demonstrate their effects on gene expression and behaviour of cancer cells by inducing lncRNAs. This relationship between lncRNAs and small molecules is of great importance in terms of their impact on cancer and the tumour microenvironment. The evaluation of this communication in clinical trials is of critical importance for the development of therapeutic strategies. This review provides a detailed description of the role of lncRNAs and small molecules in the tumour microenvironment and their relationship with cancer stem cells. Thus, the potential of controlling lncRNAs and using anti-cancer small molecules in TME to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy was evaluated.